Psych 01 Child Development I

Front 1

When is infancy?

Back 1

Birth to 12 months

Front 2

Infancy is a sensitive period with vulnerabilities secondary to what?

Back 2

-Meager defenses (less flexible)
-Poorer verbal skills
-Identity emerging
-Effects of trauma (e.g. recurrent illness before age 4, loss of a parent)

Front 3

What is the major task in infancy?

Back 3

The major task is a social one- attachment

Front 4

Describe attachment in infancy?

Back 4

-Physical sustenance primary
-Baby's identity must be viewed in the context of the dyad
-Genetically determined ability to gain attention

Front 5

How are infants biologically programmed for social interaction?

Back 5

-Type of cry
-Facial expression
-Eye contact
-Selectively attend to face
-Newborns can differentiate mother's milk, voice

Front 6

What shift in infants occurs at 2-3 months?

Back 6

-Increased awake time
-Social smile
-Increased eye to eye contact
-Increased vocalization in response to others

Front 7

Describe the vision of infants

Back 7

-Oriented towards periphery until 2 months, then interiors
-Recognize still photos of mom
-At 3 months, baby upset if parent looks away
-Adults respond instinctually

Front 8

What is different about autistic infants?

Back 8

They may not elicit the same type of bonding

Front 9

Describe affect regulation in infants

Back 9

-Physiological regulation/provision of organized structure and responsiveness
-Modulate affect intensity
-Following of caretaker cues using emotional signals
-Adequate responsiveness allows basic trust, and is a precursor to the development of sense of identity and mastery

Front 10

Describe how affect regulation changes in the second half of the first year

Back 10

Share inner emotional experiences ("intersubjectivity" at 7-9mos)
-Share a focus of attention
-9 mos: gestural or intentional communication: pointing
-9-18 mos social referencing- read emotional signals and resolve situations that way (cliff, stranger)

Front 11

What is important for affect regulation in the second half of the first year?

Back 11

Positive emotion

Front 12

What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

Back 12

-Sensorimotor
-Preoperational stage
-Concrete operations
-Formal operations

Front 13

When is the sensorimotor stage? Describe it.

Back 13

-Birth to 2 years
-Intellectual development arises from infant's actions on objects (e.g. infant learns that things fall if you hit them of fhte table).
-Use of reflex patterns and chance discoveries (trial and error), followed by repetition of an act to cause a desired outcome (e.g. infnat puts thoumb near moth and, with sucking reflex, learns to suck thumb, then repeats this discovered behavior).

Front 14

When is the preoperationsal stage? Describe it.

Back 14

-2 to 7 years
-Intelligence is symbolic (i.e. language), but thought processes are intuitive rather than logical
-Concepts: ego-centrism. "i.e. the inability to see things from another's perspective

Front 15

When is the concrete operations stage? Describe it.

Back 15

-7 to 11 years
-Intelligence is symbolic (language) and logical, but concreete.
-Concepts: conservation of mass, creating categories, and reversibility; de-centering, i.e. the ability to use multiple perspectives to solve a problem

Front 16

When is the formal operations stage? Describe it

Back 16

-12+ years
-Abstract thinking
-Concepts: make and test hypothesis, think about possibilities, introspective

Front 17

When does object permanence occur?

Back 17

8 months

Front 18

When does stranger anxiety begin?

Back 18

7-8 months
recognize the unfamiliar

Front 19

Describe separation anxiety at 12 months

Back 19

The child can predict that the parent will return

Front 20

What are the consequences of serious illness in infancy?

Back 20

Serious illness can disrupt confidence in baby's vitality and parenting skills/identity, as well as attachment (e.g. lung tx baby); guilt can result in not setting limits

Front 21

What are the psychopathologies of infancy?

Back 21

-Motor skills disorders
-Communication disorders
-Feeding disorders: pica, rumination, feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood (FTT)
-Reactive attachment disorder
-Feeding D/O, RAD: damage depends on duration, nature of care following, and constitutional factors
-PDD's: Child Disintegrative Disorder, Autism, Rett's, Asperger's
-Outcome depends on many variables, including intervention, IQ

Front 22

When are the toddler years?

Back 22

18 months to 3 years

Front 23

What event begins toddlerhood?

Back 23

"Toddling", a motoric discontinuity

Front 24

Describe the emergence of autonomy in toddlerhood

Back 24

-Task is to "detach"
-Separation-individuation (Mahler) begins with "practicing" subphase@10-16mos
-"Terrible two's" is necessary step toward development of autonomy

Front 25

Describe the ambivalence of toddlerhood

Back 25

-Toddler alternated between clinging and pushing away
-"Refuels" with "ambivalence" of needing help but not always wanting it ("rapprochement crisis")
-Tantrums due to plethora of demands, unstable coping mechanisms, and wish to call the shots

Front 26

How does Freud describe the ambivalence in toddlerhood?

Back 26

The "anal stage" referring symbolically to the child's growing mastery over body and actions and consequent power struggles

Front 27

How does Erikson describe the ambivalence in toddlerhood?

Back 27

"Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt" reflects same issues as Freud and Mahler
-If overly critical caregivers make children feel shameful and insecure instead of confident and autonomous
-"Holding on" and "letting go"-encouragement w/o abandonment or humiliation

Front 28

Describe decentering and the acquisition of symbolic thought

Back 28

-Occurs in toddlerhood
-Piaget: no longer "egocentric" and seeing all events determined by their own thoughts and actions; now learn to see themselves as one of many objects in a world where there are laws of cause and effect
-"Motor memories" until time/space/language
-Decentering occurs at level of representation, not action: makes development of empathy possible- part of a social universe
-Dawning awareness of past/present/future though would is still a confusing place
-Birth/death confusing

Front 29

What is the appearance of symbolic thought a function of?

Back 29

Play (symbolic) and language; deferred imitation->symbolic play (pretending to sleep)

Front 30

When does drawing begin? What does it mean?

Back 30

2.5 years
It is the transistion between play and mental image

Front 31

What are internal representations and what is their significance?

Back 31

-Inferface between emotional and cognitive lines of development
-Helps understand how tantrums lessen as language develops (implications for language or hearing impaired)
-Ability to hold onto stable images in memory with cognitive and emotional components; need evocative memory, symbolic thinking, and language
-Instability of mental images contributes to separation anxiety

Front 32

When does one gain the ability to integrate conflicting feelings about the same person? Why is this important?

Back 32

-3yo
-Helps with separation anxiety by helping with trust
-"Object constancy" (consolidates between 24 and 36 mos)

Front 33

Describe the impact of separations in toddlerhood

Back 33

Prolonged separations still difficult, though overall better by 3-3.5yo
-Still vulnerable to regression when stressed (separation or illness)

Front 34

What are transitional objects?

Back 34

Intermediary symbol of "mother"

Front 35

Describe the establishment of gender identity

Back 35

-Infantile sexuality noted by Freud: genital stimulation pleasurable from early age
-Established by about 2-3yo
-Shaped by parents and culture, though by 3yo many children are identifying with and imitating same sex parent

Front 36

Describe developmental vulnerabilites

Back 36

-Seen within the context of child-caregiver relationship, task toward autonomy, tendency to regress and manifest sx behaviorally
-Sudden, prolonged separations can result in behaviors that resemble mourning
-Response to illness
-Threatens striving toward autonomy and control
-Bring transitional objects

Front 37

What are the transient symptoms of develomental vulnerabilities?

Back 37

-Bedtime fears, exacerbated by nighmares: ritual helps
-Coping mechanisms unstable: represented behaviorally—sleep problems, oppositional behavior, clinginess, moodiness
-Heightened sense of physical vulnerability (“Age of the Bandaid”)
-Phobias (e.g. animals) emerge and tend to pass
-Empathic parental responses, encouragement, reassurance help above pass

Front 38

What are the psychopatholgies of toddlerhood?

Back 38

-Motor skills d/o
-Communication d/o
-PDD's
-Reactive attachment d/o's
-Feeling d/o's
-ADHD
-Prognosis: severity, temperament, intelligence, early intervention, social support, SES, parental psychopath, quality of relations