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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two stages of sleep? |
NREM REM |
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What is NREM? |
A relatively inactive yet actively regulatingbrain in a movable body”
Synchronous EEG patternSubdivided into 3 stages/ older 4 stages |
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What is the third stage of NREM? |
Increasingly deeper sleep;
Slow wave sleep (SWS) |
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What are the Typical features in EEG records for NREM? |
Slow osculation, Spindle and sharp wave ripple
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What is REM? |
An activated brain in a paralyzed body
EEG activation Usually not divided into stages |
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What are the Typical features in EEG records for REM? |
PGO Waves Theta Activity |
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What are the General features of normalsleep in young adults: NREM? |
-Sleep is entered through NREM sleep. -SWS predominates in the first third of the night and is linked to theinitiation of sleep and the length of time awake • NREM sleep is usually 75% to 80% of sleep |
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What are the General features of normal sleep in young adults: REM?
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• REM sleep predominates in the last third of the night
• REM sleep is usually 20% to 25% of sleep |
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What are the General features of normal sleep in young adults: NREM & REM?
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NREM sleep and REM sleep alternate with a period near 90minutes
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How does sleep change throughout lifespan starting at 5 years of age? |
• SWS decreases with age
• Percentage of REM remainsrelatively stable over time • More arousals with increasingage • Very high interindividualvariability in the elderlyregarding sleep |
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How does Sleep throughout the first yearsof life?
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-Sleep duration decreases -Higher amounts of sleep at night (development of circadian rhythm. -Length, number of day naps decrease -Longer awake hours |
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What are the two main types of memory? |
Declarative Non-declarative |
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What are the two types of declarative memory? |
Semantic-Facts Episodic-Events |
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What are the four types of nun-declarative memory? |
Skills- Motor Priming- Perceptual Semantic Dispositions- Conditioning Non-associative- Habituation/Sensitization |
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What are the basic levels of memory processing? |
-Encoding -Storage/Consolidation -Retrieval |
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How does sleep restriction affect memory? |
-Decreased picture recognition (19%) -Decreased activation in hippocampus -No significant correlation between encoding speed and later recognition performance. |
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Why is learning harder when sleep deprived? |
-Possibly due to inhibited neural functioning because of long wake periods, or full storage in hippocampus.
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Does learning ability diminish withincreasing length of wakefulness, the effects of naps?
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• Learning ability deteriorated in the no-nap grouponly from 12 to 6pm • Within the nap group: performance at 6pmcorrelated with prior Stage 2 NREM sleep • Correlations between learning performance at 6and fast sleep spindles in some areas of thebrain |
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What are the implications of wakefulness and memory encoding? |
– With increasing length of wakefulness, learningcapacity reduces
– A nap may restore learning capacity |
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How does stimulating slow-wave sleep affect encoding? |
-Enhances subsequent encoding of declarativememories (but not of nondeclarative memories,
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Why are sleep deprivation studies difficult with children? |
-Unethical -Unpractical |
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How do reductions in sleep affect 10-12 year olds? |
It affects neurobehavioural functioning on tasks related toclassroom behaviour and achievement tests
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What are some finding with prior sleep and memory ininfants?
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-Length of time spent awake after last daytime nap is notrelated to subsequent learning in an imitation task
-Quality of sleep during the night related to rates of learningthe next day in 6-month-olds |
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How does sleep prepare ourbrain for learning?
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1)Synaptic homeostasis 2) Active system consolidation |
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What is synaptic homeostasis? |
-During wake time information is encoded and synapses become potentated -Slow oscillations of SWS reduce synaptic strength -Weak connections eliminated, strong remain. |
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What happens when synaptic homeostasis doesn't occur due to no sleep? |
Synapses becomesaturated and learning capacitiesdiminish
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What is active system consolidation? |
-Events encoded in neocortical and hippocampal networks. -In sleep networks repeatedly activated -Information transferred from hippocampus to neocortex for long term store. |
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What happens when active consolidation doesn't occur due to no sleep?
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Ongoing encoding ofnew information, the storage capacity ofthe hippocampus reaches its limit
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What is sleep inertia? |
-Decreased performance and/ordisorientation occurring immediately after awakening from sleep relativeto pre-sleep status
-ie: Sleep-drunkenness |
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What affects sleep inertia duration and strength? |
Prior sleepduration, sleep stage prior to awakening, existence of prior sleepdeprivation
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Waking up during what stage of sleep reduces sleep inertia? |
Awakening in Stage 1 or 2 NREM often reduces SI effects
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Waking up during what stage of sleep increasessleep inertia?
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SWS periods produces maximum SIREM: Mixed results
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