Psyc440 Part 4

Front 1

Self Referent Effect? What?

Back 1

People remember verbal descriptors processed in relation to self better than others

a) Depth of processing— more associations about oneself than others,

b) Dedicated mechanisms for thinking about oneself.

Front 2

Greater BOLD response to judging words relative to self vs. others seen in ___________. More likely to remember words judged about self than others

Back 2

MPFC

Front 3

But why is the signal change below baseline for MPFC?

Back 3

The Default Network

Front 4

What composes the Default Network?

Back 4

prefrontal cortex (and others)

Front 5

Activity DMPFC increases during ________ and decreases during _______-

Back 5

self focused attention; externally focused attention

Front 6

_______ is less deactivated when identifying positive personality traits vs negative personality traits

Back 6

vACC

Front 7

Judging the personality of another vs. oneself

Back 7

Results: Recall no faster when they had rated the trait vs.defining it. That is, rating of personal traits did not prime recall of instances. (Presumably traits judged about others would have primed recall of an instance.)

Implication: Availability heuristic only used for judging others, not oneself!

Front 8

Two densely amnesic individuals with no autobiographical memory accurately rate their own personalities. (Consistent
with the ratings of family members.) Implies?

Back 8

Standard mechanisms of recall are not engaged
when judging self. Instead semantic memory contains a subsystem devoted to the acquisition and representation of trait
self-knowledge.

Front 9

________ engaged in forming impressions (not just thinking about of others

Back 9

MPFC

Front 10

________ shows increased activity when thinking about other minds vs. inanimate or non-mind information: Activates more strongly to the false
beliefs of people (e.g., Sally-Ann) when compared to false info in photographs

Back 10

Right temporal-parietal junction

Front 11

Right temporal-parietal junction shows increased activity when thinking about _________________

Back 11

other minds vs. inanimate or non-mind information:

Front 12

Where do autistics focus on the face?

Back 12

Not on the eyes

Front 13

What is simulation theory?

Back 13

People make inferences about the actions
of others using their own expectations based on past experiences from their own lives.

Front 14

As the expressions of disgust became more intense, the BOLD response in the ________ increased.

Back 14

insula

Front 15

Study of empathy for pain? Two structures and which ones are higher for self vs others?

Back 15

ACC is equal for both; insula higher for self (note, this is not disgust)

Front 16

Regions activated when performing a task relevant to public figures
were more _______ than, and significantly dissociated from, activations associated with
tasks monitoring both close others and self

Back 16

dorsal

Front 17

Activation for public figures was mostly in
the ____________-

Back 17

left superior frontal gyrus

Front 18

activation for close others centered in the
__________

Back 18

left VMPFC

Front 19

Self activation was found in the ________-.

Back 19

right VMPFC

Front 20

Why > How in right _______

Back 20

TPJ

Front 21

How > Why in _____________

Back 21

Posterior Parietal and premotor areas.

Front 22

IQ has high _________

Back 22

reliability;

High (S.E. ~ 3 pts) 95% C.I. +/- 4 to 5 pts. High correlations ~.90 ages 5-7 years w. 11-13 years.

Front 23

Flynn Effect?

Back 23

World-wide gains in performance in IQ tests.

Front 24

Does IQ Matter (Validity)?

Back 24

High r with school achievement. Modest
(particularly at the highest levels) with income but, overall, is the largest factor in predicting social, educational, and economic success.

Front 25

“The Bell Curve” by Herrnstein & Murray:

Back 25

Virtually any occupation is performed better by individuals with higher IQs. Social class is largely a proxy for IQ. Greater civility for individuals with higher IQs.

Front 26

Bouchard finding on genes?

Back 26

Genes makes their own environment

Front 27

Early Executive Functioning Predicts ________

Back 27

Analogical Reasoning Development

Front 28

What are measures of cognitive control to measure IQ in children?

Back 28

inhibiting impulsive task responding and manipulating organizing complex info in working memory

Front 29

cognitive capitalism is __________?

Back 29

greater tendency for democracy and economic frequency

Front 30

Higher IQ predicts ________

Back 30

societal factors (STEM, wealth, economic freedom)

Front 31

Standard test for “fluid intelligence”: Gf is....

Back 31

raven progressive matrices

Front 32

High correlations in personality, IQ, and health with _____________. There was no correlation with _________

Back 32

monozygotic twins; environment

Front 33

Mental rotation task is/is not correlated with twins

Back 33

twins

Front 34

______________ is not important in twin correlatons

Back 34

early contact

Front 35

______________ effects on the slope of the
mental rotation function. __________ have a
higher slope but it is reduced with a _____ twin.

Back 35

Uterine environment; Females; male

Front 36

Fraternal twins exhibit only _____ of the variance in ________ found in unrelated subjects, primarily in the language (perisylvan = Wernicke’s (W)area) and spatial association (parietal) cortices

Back 36

30%; grey matter

Front 37

Identical twins exhibit only
______ of normal differences in a large anatomical band spanning frontal (F), sensorimotor (S/M) and Wernicke’s area suggesting strong genetic
control of these areas but not others

Back 37

10-30%

Front 38

Identical twins are almost
perfectly correlated in their gray matter distribution with near identity in _____--

Back 38

F, S/M, and W
cortices.

Front 39

Fraternal twins are significantly less alike in______ but are 90-100%
correlated in __________

Back 39

F areas;

Perisylvan language related areas including supramarginal and angular
areas and W.

Front 40

Heritability (H) (high = red) of grey matter. Note greater H of________ . High H for ________ because
of Identical Twins.

Back 40

W on the left side; F and anterior temporal (T)

Front 41

Can we raise fluid intelligence (Gf)?

Back 41

No

Front 42

Dual n back task implies?

Back 42

Task suggested That we can raise fluid intelligence. However, does not correlate with academic success. Biederman has stated that we cannot raise fluid intelligence.

Front 43

Five foundations theory (Haidt and Graham)
of intuitive ethics/morality

Back 43

1. Harm/Care
2. Fairness/Reciprocity
3. Ingroup/Loyalty
4. Authority/Respect
5. Purity/Sanctity

HI FAP

Front 44

Liberals give more weight to __________ to the five foundations of intuitive ethics and conservatives give _______

Back 44

harm and fairness; equal weight

Front 45

Gene variant coding for _________ predicts liberalism. high heritability for __________

Back 45

dopamine that is associated with sensationq
seeking

social attitudes

Front 46

Twins with higher/lower IQs tend to vote

Back 46

higher

Front 47

Politicos activate ______________, novices don't consider questions in terms of ____________

Back 47

social networks (MPFC, MPC); interpersonal factors

Front 48

Darwin: Two types of selection

Back 48

natural and sexual (inter (male-female) and intra (male-male))

Front 49

sexual jealously, taste for salmon row (eggs) in
migrating salmon. is an example of....

Back 49

mental organs designed to achieve reproductive success

Front 50

What are some caveats with neodarwinism?

Back 50

1. We evolved in a world we no longer live in. Mechanisms that evolved to maximize reproductive success then, need not necessarily be effective today.
2. Awareness of ultimate causation (=maximizing reproductive success)
need not accompany proximate causation (psychological awareness and feelings, for example). Example: Salmon eating roe.
3. We must be careful about “just so” stories. Too many sources of explanation (“degrees of freedom”). It is often difficult to do controlled experiments.
4. Not everything is a unit of selection. Red blood. “Spandrils”
5. Extent of “cognitive override” is not known.
6. To a liberal, humanistic sensibility, at first exposure, evolutionary
psychology and behavior genetics do not seem to be very nice.
7. Some fallacies: a) Deterministic fallacy: environment cannot affect
genetically programmed behavior, b) Naturalistic fallacy: whatever is
natural is right.

Front 51

What is deterministic and naturalistic fallacy?

Back 51

Some fallacies: a) Deterministic fallacy: environment cannot affect
genetically programmed behavior, b) Naturalistic fallacy: whatever is natural is right.

Front 52

Murder is a guy or girl thing? Higher murder rate of male on male murder appears to be a ___________

Back 52

guy thang; crosscultural universal.

Front 53

Who are the males that murder and get murdered?

Back 53

Young \males that are at the economic bottom and, social bottom (unmarried)

Front 54

Mating Bonds

Back 54

A. Polygamy (1male w. > 1 female) Examples: elephant seal, deer, lions, humans (in evol. past).
B. Polyandry (1 female w. > 1 male)Example: Sea horse.
C. Monogamy (1male w. 1 female)
Example: Most birds, humans. Rarely complete.
D. Promiscuous (no bonding)

Front 55

Why is murder a guy thing?

Back 55

In general, whichever sex is the one
that manifests the greater parental investment:

a) will be the sex that will be more competed for by members of the other sex for purposes of mating, and
b) will also be the sex that is more discriminative in mating.

Front 56

Polygamy or Polyandry leads to:

Back 56

Sexual dimorphism (different sizes and characteristics between males and females).

Front 57

What's the purpose of sexual dimorphism?

Back 57

a) For male-male competition. (Intrasexual selection). Stag's antlers; greater upper body strength in human males.
b) Allow section of fittest males (Intersexual selection) Example: Male peacock plumage. Need not be a physical trait.
c) Better competition for food and nesting sites, better protection against same species or different species.

Front 58

The competition has enormous consequences in
polygamous species. Among elephant seals...

Back 58

males have either a lot of few babies (high variance); females have low variance

Front 59

Larger male lizards have greater/lesser RS.

Back 59

greater

Front 60

Monogamous species have small/large male-female differences and these features are importnat in mate choice

Back 60

small

Front 61

Polygamous meadow male-female vole size difference are larger/same size/smaller than monogamous prarie male-female vole size difference

Back 61

larger

Front 62

Polygamous meadow voles perform better/worse than monogamous prarie roles? This is because they have a larger _______

Back 62

better; hippocampal volume

Front 63

Sexual competition at all levels. The penis of the dameselfly is designed to...

Back 63

remove sperm already desposited

Front 64

Three kinds of male sperm

Back 64

a) Fertile (10%)
b) “Blockers” (45%)
c) “Kamikaze” (45%)

Front 65

Who commits infanticide?

Back 65

Step parents

Front 66

The older/younger a child, the less likely they are to be abused due to greater parental investment. Having a __________ increases rates of abuse as well.

Back 66

older; step parent

Front 67

_______ rate of infanticide by mother compared
to father only for very young infants. Why? Younger mothers also are more likely to ______

Back 67

Greater; because mother has to contribute greater resources; kill their babies

Front 68

The older the mother (>~15-17) are better mothers because ___________.

Back 68

the greater the proportion of her remaining RS is represented by each child

Front 69

Infanticide between married and unmarried couples is higher in which one?

It decreases with _______

Back 69

higher in unmarried; age

Front 70

Genes are protected. What does this mean?

Back 70

More related you are, the less likely you are to murder them

Front 71

Large rate of male/female/both infanticide among mammals

Back 71

male

Front 72

Loss of male infanticide occurs in species
with _________

Back 72

large testes

Front 73

Ground squirels chase away other squirrels that are more/less related?

Back 73

less

Front 74

What is reproductive altruism?

Back 74

What looks like altruism is protection of oneʼs own genes. Alarm call of female ground squirrel given when near related squirrels.

Front 75

In japanese monkeys, Related individuals spend more/less time together

Back 75

more

Front 76

Degree of times a guard bee admits a sweat bee depends on

Back 76

relatedness

Front 77

________ increase reproductive success. ______ are genetically related

Back 77

Helpers; Helpers;

Front 78

Weaning Conflict?

Back 78

The benefit/cost ratio (B/C) of a parental act (such as nursing) towards an offspring as a function of time. Benefit is the gain in survival of the offspring receiving the
investment, while cost is the decrease in the parentʼs production of additional surviving
offspring.

Front 79

When does weaning vary in weaning conflict? This question is poorly worded. I'm sorry.

Back 79

Thus, selection ought to oppose parental investment when C > B or (B/C) < 1.
This occurs at time p. The offspring is selected to receive investment until B/C = 1/2 which
occurs at time o (r = 1/2). The shaded area represents the time of conflict between parent
and offspring over whether investment should continue. If future sibs were half-sibs,
conflict would continue until B/C = 1/4 or time 0 (1/4). From Trivers, 1985.

Front 80

Why would halfsibs as future sibs prolong conflict by current infant?

Back 80

Only 1/4 related; more benefit to survive for baby

Front 81

The parent is selected to maximize
the diff. between ___________. The
offspring maximizes ________

Back 81

B and C (=p); (B-rC) where r = 1/2

Front 82

Mother-Offspring Conflict?

Back 82

In the beginning, mother initiates contact to and then the infant initiates contact later on.

Reproductive success for mother to invest in other babies after some time; baby survivalbility increased with more care. Also true in flycatcher bird feedings.

Front 83

Evidence that older mothers are better mothers?

Back 83

Older mothers spends more time, feeds, and defends baby more often. Older hens also lay larger eggs.

Front 84

The biological bases of bonding and love

Back 84

Vasopressin and Oxytocin

Front 85

Homologs to Vasopressin are _________ within
____________. Seem to have the same functions as in humans: control ejaculation and egg laying in snails

Back 85

highly conserved (over 700 million years); sensory neurosecretory cells.

Front 86

Vasopressin and Oxytocin are ___________

Back 86

neuropeptides

Front 87

Difference between neuropeptides and neurotransmitters?

Back 87

Neuropeptides (~100 kinds) are small, protein-like molecules released by neurons that affect
other neurons. Their action differs from eurotransmitters (such as GABA, glutamate or dopamine) which affect the excitability of other
neurons by depolarizing or hyperpolarizing the cell membrane. (Though when neuropeptides are released in the synapse, they may act
like a neurotransmitter.)

Neuropeptides have much more diverse effects than neurotransmitters; they can, for example, affect gene expression, local blood blow,synaptogenesis, and glial cell morphology. Peptides tend to have prolonged actions, are not limited locally (like neurotransmitters), and some have striking effects on behavior.

Front 88

•Oxytocin is a a _______produced in the ______ and released into _______

Back 88

peptide; hypothalamus; both
brain and bloodstream.

Front 89

Social Behavioral Effects of Oxytocin and Vasopressin in males and females?

Back 89

•In mammals produced in hypothalamus for release by pituitary.
•Females: Oxytocin (!) influences sexual intercourse, parturition, lactation, maternal attachment, and pair bonding.
•Males: Vasopressin (!) influences erection and ejaculation, agression, territoriality, and pair bonding.
•Both peptides influence behavior in both males and females.

Front 90

Individual differences in monogamy associated with ________ activity

Back 90

vasopressin

Front 91

________ is associated greater altruism and lower
activity in the amygdala. Promotes trust and cooperation and reduces tendency to take advantage of otherʼs cooperation

Back 91

vasopressin

Front 92

Maternal behaviors are reduced by manipulations that decrease _______
or block receptors for it.

Back 92

oxytocin

Front 93

_______increases maternal behavior toward ratʼs own pups but increases hostility to other females who approach the nest.

Back 93

Oxytocin

Front 94

Selective Bonding: In sheep, ______ release in response to vaginocervical stimulation during parturition independently induces maternal behavior and facilitates mother-infant bond selectivity by altering ______ for learning offspring’s scent

Back 94

oxytocin; neurotransmitter activity in the olfactory bulb

Front 95

Increasing __________ in meadow voles (normally polygamous) increases monogamous behavior preferring social contact with partner.

Back 95

vasopressin

Front 96

Greater number of _________ associated with greater empathy, generosity, and other-regarding preferences.

Back 96

O receptors

Front 97

Oxytocin selectively improves _______ for people w. high _______

Back 97

“empathic accuracy”; AQ scores.

Front 98

_______makes people trusting, not gullible.

Back 98

Oxytocin (note, vasopressin also increase trust)

Front 99

Oxytocin in relation to defense?

Back 99

“Parochial Altruism”
“Tend and Defend”: promotes in-group trust and
cooperation and defensive,but not offensive,
aggression toward competing out-groups.

(Side note: Oxytocin is defensive by not offensive. Vasoprssin is more agressive)

Front 100

Conditions for love and bonding? What neuropeptides?

Back 100

Stress, and an agent that relieves stress.

Oxytocin (and vasopressin for bonding) and cortisol (for stress).
•Oxytocin levels are increased in couples who report “falling in love.”
•Redundant mechanisms for mother-infant bonding. In addition to Stress-Oxytocin, the cuteness of infants (in general) promotes
nurturance. Also, cuter infants get better nurturance.

Front 101

Where does stress (relevant to mating) arise in developed societies? What is the best strategy?

Back 101

Increasing the chance of winning the most
desirable mate. Pick the best of the first 37%

Front 102

Women rate those who were "uncertain" or "liked best" categories as higher?

Back 102

uncertain

Front 103

Possiblity mechanism of commitment?

Back 103

Feeling of unbelievable luck to have found the perfect match