Psyc216 Exam 1 Chs. 1-3

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g stanley hall

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father of sci study of ads.

* storm and stress model

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storm + stress

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g stanley hall's theory that ads. is a time period charged with conflict + mood swings

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margaret mead

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studied ads. in Samoa to conclude that sociocultural factors inspire behavior

* disproved that ads. is "stress free"

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inventionist view

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ads. is sociohistorical CREATION b/c of early 20th c legislation worked to ensure youth dependency

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cohort

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group of people born @ similar pt. in history + share similar experiences as a result

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cohort effects

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characteristics related to person's DOB, era, + generation rather then his/her actual chronological age

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millenials

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generation born after 1980; 1st to come of age + enter adulthood in new millennium (2000s)

* ethnic diversity

* connection to tech

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damon's view

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theory that ads. are indecisive and look for quick fixes to big problems

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stereotype

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generalization reflecting our impressions + beliefs about a broad gp. of people; all refer to an image of what the 'typical' member is like

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positive youth development (PYD) (5c's)

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1 competence

2 confidence

3 connection

4 character

5 caring + compassion

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contexts

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SETTINGS in which development occurs

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social policy

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government's course of action designed to influence welfare of citizens

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development

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pattern of change beginning @ conception through life, including growth + decay

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biological processes

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PHYSICAL changes in body

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cognitive processes

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changes in THINKING and intelligence

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socioemotional processes

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changes in PERSONALITY, EMOTIONAL, relationships, + social contexts

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eccles' 3 facets of transitioning bt/w adolescence to adulthood

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1 intellectual development

2 psych + emotional development

3 social development

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resilience

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adapting positively + achieving success in face of risk

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Allen's book

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book that argues that adolescence is taking TOO LONG (EXPANSION OF ADS. INTERVAL)

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continuity

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continuity/discontinuity: CUMULATIVE change

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DIScontinuity

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continuity/discontinuity: SUDDEN change (nature)

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early-later experience issue

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degree to which early experiences or later experiences are determinants in development

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oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital (OAPLG)

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Freud's 5 stages of development (psychoanalytic) (OAPLG)

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Erik Erikson's 8 stages

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1. trust vs. mistrust:
2. autonomy vs. shame + doubt
3. initiative vs. guilt
4. industry vs. inferiority
5. ID vs. ID (role) confusion: ADS.
6. intimacy vs. isolation
7. generativity vs. stagnation
8. integrity vs. despair

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1st year of life

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age of individ. in Erikson's 1st stage: trust vs. mistrust

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preschool

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age of individ. in Erikson's 3rd stage: initiative

vs. guilt

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adolescence

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age of individ. in Erikson's 5th stage: ID vs. ID (role) confusion

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Erik Erikson's 8 stages

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theory of develop. featuring 8 stages w/ CRISIS in each

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Piaget's stages (SPCF)

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1 sensorimotor

2 preoperational

3 concrete operational

4 formal operational

* (SPCF)

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information processing theory

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theory: people manipulate, monitor, + strategize information; memory + thinking are central

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behavorism

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theory: can only study observable BEHAVIORS, therefore thoughts are NOT studyable

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bronfenbrenner's ecological theory

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theory: focuses on influence of 5 environmental systems:

1 microsystem

2 mesosystem

3 exosystem

4 macrosystem

5 chronosystem

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dynamic cascades

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theory: across time, adolescents face adverse conditions, all appearing at same time

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emergence

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: EMERGENCE results from recursive interactions among constituent elements in biological systems to contribute to manifestations of more sophisticated forms

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developmental trajectories

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movement of time in one’s life; ‘this’ causes ‘that’ eventually

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developmental windows

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opportunities and challenges that are AGE DELINEATED (learn lang.)

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developmental timetables

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what happens 1st, 2nd, 3rd

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beyond 'storm and stress'

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'storm and stress' is NOT accurate theory to define ads. instead, look at 4T's:

1 typicality

2 transactions

3 timing

4 temperament

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laboratory

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controlled setting in which many complex factors of real world are REMOVED

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cortisol

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hormone produced by adrenal gland, linked to stress level

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experience sampling method (ESM)

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provide participants w/ electronic pagers + then beep them at random times. They are asked to report on various aspects of their lives

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case study

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in depth look at single individual

* - : psychologists rarely confirm data after acquired

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descriptive research

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describe, observe, + record behavior

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random assignment

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assigning participants to experimental and control groups by CHANCE

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gender bias

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PRECONCEIVED notion about abilities of females/males preventing individuals from pursuing interest + achieving potential

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ethnic gloss

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use of ethnic labels such as “blacks” in superficial way portraying ethnic group as more homogenous than it really is

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personality

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characteristics/traits that make us different from each other + ENDURE over time + place

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emotional processes

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temperament + mood

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labile

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EFFICACY of emotional change

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operant conditioning

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Skinner: rewards INCR likelihood of behav, punish DECR likelihood of behav

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MORE

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rewards are ___ effective b/c punishments do NOT teach something new

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social learning

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learn by observing others (observational learning)

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attachment

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experience of felt security in world + relationships (self, others, rlnshp)

* affected by quality of response received from others while in infancy

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Bolby

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theory: develop an internal working model of self, others, + relationships

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LARGER

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a DYSTAL social environ = a ___ social environ

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puberty

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brain-neuro endoc. PROCESS in early ads. providing stimulation for rapid phys. changes

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9-16

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ONSET age range of puberty

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hormones

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chemical secretions by encodrine gland

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androgens

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male sex hormones

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estrogens

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female sex hormones

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testosterone

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male sex hormone responsible for PHYS changes

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estradiol

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female sex hormone secreted by ovaries

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puberty onset

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ctrl by hypothalamus-pitutary-gonadal (HPG) axis -> activates -> signals through gonadotrophins -> testes/ovaries -> hypothal -> pit gland

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gonadotrophins

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hormones that stimulate SEX GLANDS

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follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

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H: stimulates FOLLICLE development in females + sperm production in males

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luteinizing hormone (LH)

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H: regulates estrogen secretion + ovum development + testosterone production

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Gonadotrophin-releasing-hormone (GnRH)

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H: linked to pubertal TIMING

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NEGATIVE

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hormones regulated by ___ feedback syst (pulls levels DOWN if too HIGH)

* rise in H turns off signal, fall in H turns on signal

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growth hormones

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H's related to skeletal maturation; secreted at NIGHT @ adrenarche -> all day in lower levels

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adrenarche

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FIRST pubertal phase involving hormonal changes in adrenal gland (6-9 g, 7-10 b)

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gonadarche

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puberty phase involving maturation of primary + secondary sex characteristics

* 'puberty' by most defs.

* 1yr POST adrenarche

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menarche

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girl's 1st menstrual period

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spermarche

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boy's 1st sperm ejaculation

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1 penis size

2 testicle size

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boy's order of PHYS development

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facial hair

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PHYS develops LAST in boy during puberty

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1 breast development

2 pubic hair

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girl's order of PHYS development

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menarche

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PHYS develops LAST in girl during puberty

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precocious puberty

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very early onset of puberty + rapid progress of puberty

* <8yrs g (10:1chance), <9yrs b

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secular trends

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patterns of onset of puberty over historical time, across generations

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female athlete triad

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combination of disordered eating, AMENORRHEA, and osteoporosis

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amenorrhea

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NO menstrual period for 2-3 months -> reduced bone strength -> stress fractures

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osteoporosis

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thinning/weakening of bones

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adaptive behavior

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MODIFICATION of behavior that promotes organism's survival in habitat

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evolutionary psychology

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emphasizes importance of ADAPTION, reproduction, and SURVIVAL of FITTEST to explain behavior

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domain specific

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mechanisms applying to SPECIFIC aspect of psych

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gene-gene interaction

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studies focused on INTERDEPENDENCE of 2+ genes in influencing behavior, development, + diseases

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behavior genetics

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seeks to discover influence of HEREDITY + environment on differences in human traits + development

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gene activity

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genetic expression stimulated by environment

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passive genotype environment correlation

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correlation occurring b/c biological parents related to child PROVIDE rearing ENVIRONMENT for child

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evocative genotype environment correlation

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correlations occurring b/c adolescents’ GENETIC shaped CHARACTERISTICS ELICIT certain types of physical and social environments

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active (niche picking) genotype environment correlation

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correlations occurring when child SEEKS OUT environments they find compatible and stimulating

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shared environment experiences

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siblings’ COMMON experiences such as parents’ personalities, neighborhood

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non shared environment experiences

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adolescents’ UNIQUE experiences within family and outside; NOT shared by sibling

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epigenetic view

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development is result of ongoing BIDIRECTIONAL interchange bt/w environment + heredity

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gene x environment interaction (G x E)

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interaction of specific measured variation in DNA + specific measured aspect of environment; (G x E)

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delamater

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also studied "ecological" theory of development; similar to bronfenbrenner

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scripts

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what happens 1st, 2nd, 3rd; people have roles inside of them

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roles

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SEQUENCE of behaviors inside scripts

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symbolic interactions

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nature of human interaction is rooted in use of SYMBOLS for human interaction

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role taking

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ADOPTING different perspective

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association

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resh: meaningful CONcurrence of different events/influences

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amenarchial

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menstrual cycle ceases/becomes erratic b/c of poor nutrition

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107lbs + 17% body fat

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puberty THRESHOLD in girls (weight and % body fat)

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9-10

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age in boys at which TESTOSTERONE appears

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9-10

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age in girls at which ESTROGEN appears

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done

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the female growth spurt is ___ when the male growth spurt BEGINS

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5 tanner stages

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physical scan for breast size, pubic hair, penis size, testicle size

* @ 12, kids can be in all stages

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before

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adrenal action ALWAYS occurs ___ gonadal action

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peak height velocity (PHV)

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period of MOST rapid change in physical growth

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secular trend

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puberty occurring EARLIER in society as we move into future

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asynchronous

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growth happening in different places at different times

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estradiol

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hormone that DECREASES inhibition in GIRLS

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testosterone

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hormone that DECREASES inhibition in BOYS

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oxytocin + vasopresin

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neuropeptides released in PRESENCE OF ANOTHER: pleasureful

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neuroconstructionalist view

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development perspective in which biological processes + environment conditions influence brain's development

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...

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: the brain has PLASTICITY and is CONTEXT dependent

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dendrites

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RECEIVING part of neuron

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axon

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part of neuron that carries info AWAY from cell body to other cells

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mylenation

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process in which axon becomes covered + insulated w/ layer of fat cells; INCR speed + efficiency of info processing

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white matter

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whitish color of mylenated axons

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gray matter

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dendrites + cell body of neuron

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synaptogenesis

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dramatic INCREASE in connections bt/w neurons

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synapses

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gaps bt/w neurons

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pruning

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USED neural connections are STRENGTHENED, UNUSED connections are REPLACED

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corpus callosum

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bundle of nerve fibers connecting left + right hemispheres; thickens in ads., improves ability to process info

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only in HIPPOCAMPUS + OLF BULB

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can new brain cells be generated in ads.?

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yes -- plasticity

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can ads. brain recover from injury?

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assimilation

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piaget: incorporation of new info into existing knowledge (schema does NOT change)

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accomodation

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piaget: adjustment of schema to new info (schema CHANGES)

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equilibrium

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shift in thought from one state to another; shift occurs when people experience cog. confl., in trying to understand world

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disequilibrium

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experiencing cognitive conflict leads to...

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conservation

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piaget: individual's ability to recognize SAMENESS of object through transformations that alter its appearance

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classification

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piaget: systematically ORGANIZING objects in hierarchies

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hypothetical deductie reasoning

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Piaget's term for ability to develop hypothesis about how to solve problems

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SAME

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piaget: ads. + adults use ___ type of reasoning

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neo-piagetians

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theorists who support + question Piaget’s theories

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william perry

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theorized that ads. view world in POLARITIES (right, wrong) -> as they mature, they become aware of multiple perspectives

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igisela vief

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theorized that ads. should hold diverse world views; INCR edu. INCR cog. potential

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postformal thought

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thought that is relativistic, contextual, provisional, realistic, + open to emotions + subjectivity

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wisdom

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EXPERT knowledge about practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgement about matters; high levels are rare

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zone of proximal development (ZPD)

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Vygotsky's range of tasks TOO difficult for individual to master ALONE, but can be mastered with other’s help

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social constructionivist approach

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approach emphasizing SOCIAL CONTEXTS of learning + construction of knowledge through SOCIAL INTERACTIONS

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attention

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concentration + focusing of mental resources

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selective attention

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focus on SPECIFIC aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelev

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divided attention

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concentrating on MORE than 1 activity @ SAME time

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sustained attention

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ability to MAINTAIN attention to selected stimulus for prolonged period of time

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executive attention

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attn: planning actions, allocating attn to goals, detecting + compensating for errors, monitor progress on tasks, dealing w/ diff circumstances

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short term memory

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info retained for 30 seconds

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working memory

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place to manipulate + assemble info when making decisions, solving problems, comprehending language

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long term memory

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relatively permanent memory system holding HUGE amounts of info for LONG period of time

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executive function

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umbrella like concept involving higher order, complex cog processes, exercise cog ctrl, make decisions reason, think critically + creatively

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cognitive control

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inhibitory ctrl/effortful ctrl; INCR w/ age

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cognitive flexibility

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seeing other alternatives in life

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dual process model

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decision making influenced by analytical syst + experimental syst that COMPETE w/ eachother

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critical thinking

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thinking reflectively, productively, + evaluating evidence

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mindfulness

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being alert, mentally present + cog flexible while going through life

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contemplative science

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cross discipline study of how various types of mental + physical training might enhance child devl

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creativity

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ability to think in NOVEL + UNUSUAL ways to discover unique solution to problem

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convergent thinking

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pattern of thinking producing ONE correct answer

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divergent thinking

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pattern of thinking producing MANY answers to same question

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deliberate practice

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practice at appropriate level of difficulty, provide feedback, + repition

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metacognition

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cognition about cognition; thinking about thinking

* 12-14yr olds INCR

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domain specific thinking skills

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teach thinking skills within SPECIFIC subjs

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psychometric/intelligence view

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emphasizes importance of individual DIFFERENCES in intelligence; intell should be assessed w/ tests

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intelligence

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ability to solve problems + adapt to + learn from everyday experiences

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individual differences

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STABLE, consistent ways in which people DIFFER from eachother

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mental age

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binet test: individuals level of MENTAL development relative to others

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intelligence quotient (IQ)

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person tested mental age DIVIDED by chron age

* MA/CA x 100

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stanford-binet 5 test

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revisionary edition to Binet test plotted on bell curve

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emotional intelligence

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ability to perceive + express emotion accurately, to understand emotions + emot knowledge, use feelings to facilitate thought, manage emots in onself + others

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generalized intelligence

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(g): all intellectual abilities RELATED to eachother

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flynn effect

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worldwide INCR in IQ test scores

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social cognition

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way individuals conceptualize + reason about their social worlds

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adolescent egocentrism

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heightened self-cons of ads.; refl in belief that others are as interested in them as they are + in sense of personal uniqueness + invulnerability

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imaginary audience

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involves attention getting behaviors -- attempt to be noticed, visible, "onstage"

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personal fable

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ads. sense of personal UNIQUENESS + invulnerability

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transfer of responsibility

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teaching ads. to make good decisions once parents can no longer make the decisions

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NOT

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neurons do ___ touch

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dorsolateral

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fx in p.f. crtx: planning ahead, controlling impulses, working memory

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ventromedial

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fx in p.f. crtx: intuition, task monitoring

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orbital frontal

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fx in p.f. crtx: evaluating risk + reward