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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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True or False?; Behaviourism emerged out of Functionalism.
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True! It emerged out of Functionalism
– Emphasis on behaviour and practical knowledge; evolutionary thinking |
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Who's views were taken hold at the time of behaviourisms rise to prominence?
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August Comte’s Positivist views of science were taking hold
– Theories should stick to facts – Observations should be objective – Goal of science to predict and control nature |
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Who was Ivan Pavlov and what was he known for?
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Nobel prize for research into digestive system
Held facts as more important than theories Established procedure for experimental replication in his laboratory: – New research assistants attempt to replicate past experiments – If failure to replicate, investigate further – “Real” experimental findings should be replicable |
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What is the Tower of Silence? |
Pavlov’s new laboratory designed to completely isolate the experimental dog from exterior influence during experiment. |
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What is the following an example of?:
Meat powder in dog’s mouth caused salivation but soon objects or events associated with the meat powder caused salivation – E.g., Mere sight of experimenter or sound of footsteps |
A conditioned reflex (or response)
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What did Pavlov have a low opinion of? How did he try to explain conditioned reflexes? |
Pavlov had low opinion of psychology and introspection
Explain conditioned reflex using physiological concepts and neural circuitry |
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True or False?; In Pavlov's experiment with dogs it did not matter what conditioned stimulus was (e.g., footsteps, metronome, bell) as long as it predicted the appearance of the food
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True! Any stimulus an organism can perceive is capable of eliciting any action the organism can make
– All organism’s behaviour can be understood in terms of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes |
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Define Unconditioned and Conditioned Stimulus. |
Unconditioned: A stimuli that naturally produces and automatically triggers a(n) (unconditioned) response. |
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What were the "psychic" secretions that Pavlov considered a nuisance? |
The premature salivation dogs elicited before they smelt or received the food (e.g., when they merely heard the experimenters footsteps) |
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How are conditioned reflexes formed?
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By pairing unconditioned stimuli that produce unconditioned responses with neutral stimuli so that it because associated with the unconditioned response.
When the neutral stimuli is made capable of eliciting the reaponse alone, the stimuli and the response it produces are, both, conditioned |
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What is Extinction? |
It is the disappearance of a conditioned response (i.e., the organism no longer responds to the conditioned stimuli alone) |
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What is Generalization? |
The ability for a conditioned response to be elicited by stimuli which resemble the conditioned stimuli. |
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What is the main similarity to Behaviourist and British Empiricist thinking? |
The shared belief in the importance of the environment in shaping behaviour. |
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What is the main similarity to Behaviourist and Positivist thinking? |
The shared belief in mechanistic and materialistic explanations of behaviour |
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What was Ivan Pavlov's original digestion research? |
He isolated and measured the various digestive fluids being secreted by animals as a function of what is being fed to them |
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What is "Pavlov's Pouch"? |
The best-known method for isolating digestive fluids (devised by Pavlov) where a section of the stomach is isolated so that food cannot enter. |
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True or False?; Did not matter what the conditoned stimulus was (e.g., footsteps, metronome, bell) as long as it predicted the appearance of the food |
True! Any stimulus an organism can perceive is |
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True or False?; Pavlov preferred a psychological explanation for behaviour. |
False! Pavlov believed that, ultimately, psychological phenomena could be explained by physiological (physical) events of the brain and nervous system. |
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Define Tropism |
Movements of plants or animals that are forced automatically by some aspect of the environment. |
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How does the idea of tropisms relate to behaviourism and animal psychology?
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Behaviour of simple organisms explained as automatically elicited by stimuli, e.g., flower orienting towards the sun
No mental events, only stimulation and structure of organism Loeb applied this view to plants, insects, lower animals |
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What animal did Watson begin using for his investigation into developmental learning processes? |
The white rat. |
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What was the main question asked by the Watson-Carr maze studies?
How was this studied? |
What sensory information do rats use as they learn to solve a complex maze?
Systematically removed sensory systems of rats via surgery. |
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What were the different surgeries performed in the Watson-Carr maze studies? |
Removed from some rats: Middle ears |
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What sense were the rats really using to learn the maze? |
Muscle or kinesthetic memory |
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What is the Behaviourist Manifesto? |
Manifesto: Watson's 1913 paper that argued for a behaviourist approach to psychology. |
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According to Watson's (behaviorist) Manifesto, what is the behaviourist approach to psychology? |
Experimental: "Psychology as the behaviourist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science." |
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What were Watson's criticism of Introspection?
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Criticized introspection because:
(1) Results can never be verified by other individuals (2) Replication failures always blamed on poorly trained introspectors (when should doubt the conscious events being tested) (3) Different researchers have different definitions of conscious experiences |
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What was Watson and Carr's "kerplunk" experiment?
What happened?
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They trained rats to run down a long alley/corridor-maze to retrieve food. |
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What opportunity did Watson see in studying infants? |
Watson saw this as a chance to apply behaviourism in a way that would convince skeptics (e.g., the public) that it could be used to improve society |
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What were Watson and Rayner attempting to demonstrate with Little Albert?
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He attempted to demonstrate that only certain stimuli can initially elicit the 3 instinctive emotions (fear. rage and love) during infancy and that the diversity of emotional responses we see with older children and adults are a matter of conditioning.
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How did Watson and Rayner make Little Albert afraid of the white rat?
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By conditioning Albert and exposing him to a disturbingly loud sound when the rat was presented to him.
** At first, loud sounds (but not the rat) elicits the instinctive (unconditioned) behaviour but, by pairing them enough times, the instinctive fear associated with the sound becomes attached to the rat. |
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How can the Watson and Rayner study be described as classical conditioning? |
Unconditioned Stimulus = The fearful noise |
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While Watson and Rayner's Little Albert study can been seen as a case of classical conditioning, how can elements of operant conditioned also be noted?
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During the first trial, Albert was exposed to the loud sound (positive punishment) in response to him reaching out and touching the rat, thus reducing the likelihood of him repeating the action.
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True or False?; Albert showed a degree of generalization of his fear to other white things (not just rats)
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True! Albert showed some degree of fear with a rabbit, dog and a fur coat.
** Debatable how strong the reaction was and how much 'extra' help was needed for generalization. |
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What trial suggests that Albert may have been fearful of the experimenter (Watson) himself? |
Albert feared Watson's (white) hair but not the (white) hair of others. |
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What was Mary Cover Jones' Systematic Desensitization Theory? |
Systematic Desensitization Theory: A behaviour therapy procedure in which fear response is replaced by an incompatible response (e.g., relaxation). |
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What are some (4) criticisms of the Little Albert study? |
Some question about whether the procedure actually produced a strong fear in Albert (he seemed hesitant before conditioning took place) |
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What did Watson believe regarding the shaping influence of the environment? What was his "dozen infants" claim? |
"...we have no real evidence of the inheritance of traits. I would feel perfectly confident in the... outcome of careful upbringing of a healthy, well-formed baby born of a long line of crooks, murderers and thieves... |
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Why is Watson considered the "founder" of behaviorism? |
Watson's forceul and repeated arguments started a process that by the mid-1930s brought behaviourism to the center of American experimental psychology |
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Although Watson's behaviorism is considered a failure, what is considered to be the impact of his ideas? |
He significantly contributed to the gradual shift from psychology as the study of immediate conscious experience to the study of obserable and objective behaviour |
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True or False?; Russian physiologists had a rather broad sense of stimulus and response
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False! Russian physiologists had narrow sense
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What was Watson's (broader) conception of stimulus and response?
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For Watson:
Stimulus: Could also be general environmental situation (e.g., empty room) or internal condition (e.g., muscle movement) Response: Was anything the organism did, (e.g., looking at light, jumping at sound,building skyscraper, having babies, writing books) |
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What are the different types of behaviour?
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Explicit learned (conditioned) behaviour: Talking, writing, playing baseball
Implicit learned (conditioned) behaviour: Increased heart rate upon hearing dentist drill Explicit unlearned (unconditioned) behaviour: Blinking and sneezing Implicit unlearned (unconditioned) behaviour: Glandular secretions, circulatory changes |
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How was language explained by the behaviourists? |
Language was explained merely as the movement (behaviour) of the mount, tongue and larynx. |
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How was thinking/talking to ourselves explained by behaviourists? |
Talking to ourselves (thinking) involves minute movement of tongue and larynx – subvocal
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What is Subvocal Speech? |
Watson's definition of thinking: The minute movements of the tongue and larynx. |
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Describe the evolution of Subvocal Speech.
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Evolution from overt to subvocal speech:
(1) Child always talks out loud, even alone (2) Nurse/parents step in, and child learns to whisper (3) Speech forced “behind” the lips and becomes implicit |
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True or False?; Watson was a pioneer in advertising/marketing research.
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True! After his forced resignation at John Hopkins University, he took up research into marketing.
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What did Watson notice about when he blindfolded smokers?
What did this lead him to introducing? |
Blindfolded smokers could not tell brands of cigarettes apart and, so, their preferences for the cigarettes must come from elsewhere (e.g., positive associations with the brand).
Introduced: Product endorsements by celebrities. |
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What was the goal of Watson's idea of product endorsement?
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The positive feelings people felt towards celebrities would be paired with the product in order to get consumers to associate the positive feelings regarding the celebrities with the product (so that when they see or think about it, the feelings arise and are attributed to product itself).
** Example of classical conditioning |
