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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
archetypes (p. 465
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In Jung’s theory, innate concepts GLOSSARY G-2 and memories (e.g., God, the hero, the good mother); memories that reside in the collective unconscious.
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Barnum effect (p. 500
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The tendency for people to see descriptive statements that apply to most people as uniquely descriptive of themselves.
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behavioral assessment (p. 496
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The measurement of behavior through direct observation and application of a coding system.
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behavioral signatures (p. 489
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Individually consistent ways of responding in particular classes of situations.
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behavior-outcome expectancy (p. 488
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The subjective likelihood that a particular consequence will follow a particular behavior in a given situation.
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cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS
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A model that organizes five “person variables” that account for how a person might respond to a particular situation; the dynamic interplay among these five factors, together with the characteristics of the situation, accounts for individual differences between people, as well as differences in people’s behavior across different situations
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collective unconscious (p. 465
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Jung’s notion of an unconscious that consists of innate ancestral memories.
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conditions of worth (p. 472
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Internalized standards for self-worth fostered by conditional positive regard from others.
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congruence (p. 471
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Consistency between self- perceptions and experience.
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defense mechanisms (p. 463
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Unconscious processes that help us cope with anxiety and the pain of traumatic experiences. Defense mechanisms prevent the expression of anxietyarousing impulses or allow them to appear in disguised forms.
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ego (p. 462
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The “executive” of the personality that is partly conscious and that mediates between the impulses of the id, the prohibitions of the superego, and the dictates of reality.
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Electra complex (p. 464
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The female version of the Oedipus complex in which the female child experiences erotic feelings toward her father, desires to possess him sexually, and views her mother as a rival.
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empirical approach (p. 497
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An approach to test construction in which items (regardless of their content) are chosen that differentiate between two groups that are known to differ on a particular personality variable.
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factor analysis (p. 475
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A statistical technique that permits a researcher to reduce a large number of measures to a small number of clusters or factors; it identifies the clusters of behavior or test scores that are highly correlated with one another.
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fixation (p. 464
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A state of arrested development due to unresolved conflicts at a particular earlier psychosexual stage.
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fully functioning persons (p. 472
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Rogers’s term for self-actualized people who are free from unrealistic conditions of worth and who exhibit congruence, spontaneity, creativity, and a desire to develop still further.
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gender schemas (p. 493
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Organized mental structures that contain our understanding of the attributes and behaviors that are appropriate and expected for males and females.
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id (p. 462
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The primitive and unconscious part of the personality that contains the instincts.
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internal-external locus of control (p. 484
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In Rotter’s theory, a generalized expectancy that one’s outcomes are under personal versus external control.
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2
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A widely used personality test whose items were developed using the empirical approach of comparing various kinds of psychiatric patients with a nonpsychiatric sample.
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need for positive regard (p. 471
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In Rogers’s personality theory, an innate need to be positively evaluated by significant others, which enhances survival potential and need satisfaction.
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need for positive self-regard (p. 472
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In Rogers’s personality theory, the psychological need to feel positively about oneself that underlies self-enhancement behaviors.
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neoanalytic theorists (p. 464
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Former followers of Freud, such as Adler and Jung, who developed their own psychodynamic theories that generally de-emphasized psychosexual factors in favor of social ones and gave increased emphasis to ego functioning
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NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI
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An objective personality test that measures the Big Five personality factors of extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism, conscientiousness, and openness to experience.
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object relations theories (p. 465
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The view that people form images or mental representations of themselves and other people as a result of early experiences with caregivers.
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Oedipus complex (p. 464
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The male child experiences erotic feelings toward his mother, desires to possess her sexually, and views his father as a rival
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personal constructs (p. 470
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In George Kelly’s personality theory, the cognitive categories used to sort events and make comparisons among people and events.
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personality (p. 460
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Those biologically and environmentally determined characteristics within the person that account for distinctive and relatively enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting.
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personality traits (p. 475
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Relatively stable cognitive, emotional, and behavioral characteristics that help establish people’s individual identities.
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personal unconscious (p. 465
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According to Jung, those aspects of the unconscious that arise from the individual’s life experiences.
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phenomenology (p. 469
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A philosophical approach that focuses on immediate subjective experience.
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pleasure principle (p. 462
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The drive for instant need gratification that is characteristic of the id.
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projective tests (p. 498
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Tests, such as the Rorschach and the Thematic Apperception Test, that present ambiguous stimuli to the subject; the responses are assumed to be based on a projection of internal characteristics of the person onto the stimuli.
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psychosexual stages (p. 464
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Stages of development in which psychic energy is focused on certain body parts. The major childhood stages are the oral, anal, and phallic stages; experiences during these stages are assumed to shape personality development.
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rational-theoretical approach (p. 497
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An approach to test construction in which test items are made up on the basis of a theorist’s conception of a construct.
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reality principle (p. 462
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The ego’s tendency to take reality factors into account and to act in a rational fashion in need satisfaction.
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reciprocal determinism (p. 483
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Bandura’s model of two-way causal relations between the person, behavior, and the environment.
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regression (p. 464
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A psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which a person retreats to an earlier stage of development in response to stress.
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remote behavior sampling (p. 496
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A method of collecting samples of behavior from respondents as they live their daily lives.
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repression (p. 463
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The basic defense mechanism that actively keeps anxiety-arousing material in the unconscious.
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Role Construct Repertory (Rep) Test (p. 470
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The technique developed by personality psychologist Kelly to assess people’s personal constructs by asking them to describe the ways in which people resemble and differ from one another.
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Rorschach test (p. 498
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A projective technique involving the interpretation of inkblots that is used by psychodynamic psychologists to assess perceptual and psychodynamic aspects of personality.
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self (p. 471
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In Rogers’s theory, an organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself.
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self-actualization (p. 471
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In humanistic theories, an inborn tendency to strive toward the realization of one’s full potential.
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self-consistency (p. 471
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An absence of conflict among self-perceptions.
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self-efficacy (p. 485
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The conviction that we can perform the behaviors necessary to produce a desired outcome.
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self-enhancement (p. 474
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Processes whereby one enhances positive self-regard.
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self-esteem (p. 473
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How positively or negatively we feel about ourselves.
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self-monitoring (p. 478
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A personality trait that reflects people’s tendencies to regulate their social behavior in accord with situational cues, as opposed to internal values, attitudes, and needs.
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self-regulation processes (p. 488
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In social-cognitive theory, skills that allow for personal control over one’s thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.
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self-verification (p. 473
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The tendency to try to verify or validate one’s existing self-concept (i.e., to satisfy congruence needs).
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social-cognitive theory (p. 483
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A cognitive behavioral approach to personality developed by Bandura and Mischel that emphasizes the role of social learning, cognitive processes, and self-regulation.
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structured interview (p. 495
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A standardized interview protocol in which specific questions are asked.
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sublimation (p. 463
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The channeling of unacceptable impulses into socially accepted behaviors, as when aggressive drives are expressed in violent sports.
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superego (p. 462
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In psychonalysis, the moral arm of the personality that internalizes the standards and values of society and serves as the person’s conscience.
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temperament (p. 481
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A biologically based general style of reacting emotionally and behaviorally to the environment.
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT
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A projective personality test in which people make up stories in response to pictures.
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threat (p. 471
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In Rogers’s theory, any experience we have that is inconsistent with our self- concept, including our perceptions of our own behavior. Threat evokes anxiety.
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unconditional positive regard (p. 472
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A communicated attitude of total and unconditional acceptance of another person that conveys the person’s intrinsic worth.
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