Psyc2013 Discrimination - Theories Of Discrimination

Front 1

Eventhough Australia is considered a multicultural country, we also have both goodand bad cases of racism in Australia

Back 1

Typical targets or racism in Australia:

Aborigine, Asian, Muslim

Front 2

Aborigines as targets

Back 2

Augustinos et al 1994 High prejudice psych students were more likely to judge Aborigines negatively Low prejudice psych students would be more likely to judge Aborigines positively

Walker 1992 Aborigines are targets of modern subtle racism - high unemployment and arrest rate.

Front 3

Asians as targets

Back 3

Nesdale et al 1995: 73% of international asian students have experienced prejudice in Australia

Walker: 1994: Asians were rated even more negatively than aborigines

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Muslims as targets

Back 4

Dunn 2004: Muslims are treated unfairly (violence, exclusion, unfair treatment) and are stereotyped

Unkelbach et al 2008: Muslim appearance activates automatic stereotype

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Islamand JahJah 2001 semed to find Contradictory findings

Back 5

aboritigines, asians and muslims were all rated slightly positive in their sample, and aborigines rated better than the other 2 groups

Most likely because they sampled uni kids who are very open and broakd minded 6

Front 6

Theoriesof why we discriminate against people of other races

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Evolutionarytheory

Cognitivetheories:

Somepeople are just more likely to be racist (personality, traits, cognitive ability)

Depends on society/family

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Evolutionarytheory e.g. Fishbein, 2002

Back 7

Because humans we rely on groups for survival (more resources, better chances of finding a mate) we become very focused on making sure our group prospers, and this could lead us to being more wary about other groups, and distinguish between your own group and others. Over time, we got very good at this.

Front 8

Pros and cons of Evolutionary theory

Back 8

Pros:

Good conceptual framekwork

Cons:

Can't really explain why WE ourselves do it

And we don't hate all outgroups.

Front 9

Cognitivetheories:which state that

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We automatically categorise people according to how similar they are to us

The categorisation is not bad in of itself, because it helps us efficiently make decisions and stuff. It's only bad if we act negatively towards people because we have categorised them in a certain way

Front 10

Main cognitive theory is Social Identity Theory:

Back 10

people differentiate between in and out groups, and try to make their own ingroup better, to get positive self-esteem by associating with our own in-groups as plan b if our own achievements suck

Front 11

LIMITATIONS of cognitive theories for Social Cogntive theory

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Brewer 1998: just coz we favour our in group doesn't mean we dislike outgroups

Miller, Brewer, 1986: if we see outgroup members as all the same, and we see one of them do something bad, then we judge them all more negatively

Just because we categorise people, doesn't mean we discriminate (could do it positively too

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Evidence that we actually use cognitive categorisation

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Augustinos: we do it from a very young age (5-6 years old), where we are already aware of stereogypes, but as we grow up we learn to inhbit them.

5-6 yr old: knowledge and belief of black stimuli are congruent

8-9 year olds inhibit this response and act socially desirably.

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Somepeople are just more likely to be racist

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Somepeople are just more likely to be racistLower intelligence people tend to favour right wing political viewsbecause their views are simple and emphasise a person's own perceived increasedcontrol

Right wing views are the ones that like to keep the status quo and are highlyconservative, emphasise what is already known, and what makes sense right now

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Personality effect on racism:

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Freudian approach Adorno et al 1950 - i.e. you hate your parents, take it out on out groups via racism

Traits associated with Racism
Right wing authoritarianism Political, social conservatism, Closed mindedness, Social dominance orientation (i.e. how much you want your ingroup to be dominant)

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SocialCognitive theory i.e. we get it from our parents

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Bandura: We model our racial behaviour from our parents

Allport: If our parents are really strict and Authoritarian, then we are more likely to develop prejudices.

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stat evidence that we get it from our parents

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Rohan,Zenna 1996: Adults have a 0.54 correlation with their parent's racial views(all they did was correlate, didn't investigate causes)

Front 17

White, Gleitzman - Family socialisation model

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within the family unit there also family dynamics between the parents andthe children that affect how prejudices are transferred
( Cohesion, Adaptability, Communication )

Front 18

According to Family socialisation model (White, Gleitzman)

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A family with low-moderate cohesion (allowing you to be independent), lowadaptability (by setting structured rules) and low communication, passes the mother's subtle prejudices on more effectively (your subtle prejudicewill correlate more with her scores)

That's because these conditions make you respectthem and their view points

Front 19

Therefore, also need to consider what type of prejudice the parents have.

Back 19

In anideal world:
If parents have high prejudice, then you would prefer that they nottransfer their prejudices to the kids

Low prejudice, then go ahead and create the ideal low cohesion, lowadaptability and low communication conditions to pass on views.

Front 20

Allport, 1954: Peoplesegregate themselves away from outgroups. Therefore

Back 20

Because they don't have enough contact with these other groups, they use faulty generalisations and media portrayals to fill in the gaps in their knowledge