Psyc2013 - Development - Normal Development

Front 1

Normal Development of vision

Back 1

Takes 1 year, and milestones in 4 month chunks

0-4 months: not well developed, can't focus eyes, 15-25 cm can only see red black white.

5-8: start to develop 3d vision and colour vision - start to realise things are there, so reach for them.

9-12: Well developed, can judge distance e.g.throw things to you.

Front 2

Normal Development of Hearing

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Well-developed while still in the womb they have preference for mothers voice against other women's voice (evolutionary adaptive to identify mum)

Also fetuses react to sound

Front 3

Mobility develops from

Back 3

head to toe,

and from middle outwards, and have a heirarchy i.e. walk before run

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Gross Motor : i.e. big movements with body parts

Back 4

1-4 months- reflexes emerge (sitting with support, lifting head when lying face down)

5-11 months - sit without support, crawl, can pull self to stand up

10-17 months- can stand and walk

18-30 months - can run and jump

Front 5

Fine motor: precise movements with face , mouth, fingers, toes

(2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10)

Back 5

2 months: hold something briefly

3-4 months: start reaching for stuff, inspect fingers

4-5 months: can switch hands while holding

5-6 months: bang together

6 months: grab and look at things

7-8 months : pull things, 4 finger grip

8-10 months: rake grab, grip and release

10-12 months: pincer grab, put things in box

Front 6

Things affectingmobility:

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Personality (active, passive)

Physical environment of home e.g. stairs

Interaction with parents and siblings - modelling walking etc, encouragement

Motivation to develop them

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Ifthere is a real delay, better to

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intervene early to assist their development, let them catch up quicker.

Front 8

Cognition: Piaget's stages (intended as rough guide)

Back 8

Sensorimotor [0-2 years]

Preoperational [2-6 years]

Concrete operational [6-12 years

Formal concrete [13 years +]

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Sensorimotor stage [0-2 years]

Back 9

wxperience world via actions and senses. They only think things exist if they can perceive them

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Preoperational [2-6 years]

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think of world using words and images i.e. imagine a cake

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Concrete operational [6-12 years] -

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i.e. can do stuff with the images and words now e.g. imagine a cake, and cut it in half

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Formal concrete [13 years +]

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logically reason about concrete, abstract stuff

Front 13

Piaget also has 2 other facets of cognition

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Ego-centricthinking (up until 7 years old)

Objectpermanence (developed by 2 years old)

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Ego-centric thinking (up until 7 years old) i.e.

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they assume their point of view is the only point of view, and can't see from other's perspective. (though if prompted may realise) e.g. assume everyone likes what they like, referring to someone they know did something as "he" not by name

Tend to fail perspective taking task

Front 15

Object permanence (developed by 2 years old)

Realise that things still exist even if we can't see them

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Possibly because after we are able to move and explore, we realise things arepermanent

Relates to separation anxiety i.e. they realise that the parents exist even ifthey can't see them, so they will miss them even if they aren't there withthem

A or B errori.e. they fail to find an object, even after seeing it be moved, possiblymemory

Front 16

Communication 2 different types of language by babies:

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Expressive language:

Receptive language

Front 17

Expressive language:i.e. attempts to communicate

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4-6 months- can use gestures and stuff 12 months - can say one or 2 words, 18 months: 20 words 24 months: 50 words 36 months: can speak, but speech is garbled, only understood by mum/dad

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Receptive: i.e. attempts to understand

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12 months: understand around 50 words 18 months: responds to yes or no questions, and can understand easy direction words 24 months: 300 words understood 36 months:

Front 19

Expressive language milestones

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3 months - crying, eye-contact, goo
6 months - vocalisation with b, p and m

9 months - vocal turn-taking, hand-gestures

12 months - 1 or 2 words, imitation and jargon (strings of babbling)

18 months - 20 words, responds to questions

24 months - 50 words, 2 word phrases and pronouns

Front 20

receptive language milestones

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3 - awareness of speaker

6 - tuns head

9 - responds to name, follows routine commands

12 - understands 50 words, responds to simple directions

18 - understands direction and yes/no questions24 - understands 300 words, action words, listens to stories