Psyc20006 Biological Psychology (Melbourne Uni) Lecture 24

Front 1

Affect refers to;

Back 1

emotions, moods, and feelings

Front 2

Our affect is usually a reflection of;

Back 2

our experiences

Front 3

In major affective disorders;

Back 3

emotional reactions are at the extremes and may not be related to actual experiences

Front 4

The major affective disorders include; 1. B.......... .............- alternating cycles of m.................... & d....................2.U................... depression, continuous or episodic (weeks or months)

Back 4

bipolar disorder, mania, depression, unipolar

Front 5

bipolar disorder may be related to a ................... ................

Back 5

single, gene

Front 6

Depression is amenable to physical treatments including: Pharmacological treatments

Back 6

MAO inhibitors (e.g. iproniazid) -Tricyclic antidepressants -Specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI - e.g. Prozac) -Serotonin &/or norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors -Lithium for bipolar disorder

Front 7

Depression is amenable to physical treatments including: E............................ S....................... T...................AND ............................. deprivation & ............... deprevation

Back 7

Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)

Front 8

Monoamine hypothesis of depression:

Back 8

Depression results from reduced activity of brain monoamines
-Reserpine depletes monoamines--> depression
-Suicidal depression is related to a low level of 5-HIAA -Antidepressant meds increase either NE or 5-HT - Usually via blockade of monoamine reuptake -Tryptophan deletion procedure (Tryptophan free diet + amino acid cocktail): -Reduces brain 5-HT levels - Reinstates depression in former depressed patients

Front 9

Monamine depletion not the whole story;

Back 9

-The therapeutic effects of antidepressant medication are not apparent until more than 2 weeks after beginning treatment - The depletion procedure only has a depressant effect in people with a personal or family history of depression

Front 10

Evidence for brain abnormalities:

Back 10

- Enlarged ventricles and decreased hippocampal volume -Decreased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) -High levels of activity in amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex -Low levels of activity in subgenus ACC -Silent cerebral infarctions (SCI)

Front 11

depression and ............. disturbance are highly correlated

Back 11

sleep

Front 12

Sleep pattern is disrupted in depressed persons

Back 12

- Reduced REM latency, reduced stages 3 and 4 sleep

Front 13

REM deprivation ................. mood -Antidepressant drugs ............... REM sleep, and .................. slow-wave sleep -Persons who have short REM sleep latency are more likely to develop .................... -...........sleep deprivation is more effective than is .................sleep deprivation (effects last longer)

Back 13

improves, suppress, increase, depression, REM , TOTAL

Front 14

Similarities between REM deprivation and antidepressant drugs: A similar delay in the occurrence of the therapeutic effect •The general pattern of ................. is very similar to a drug such as .....................

Back 14

change, imipramine

Front 15

Antidepressant drugs suppress .............. sleep • For both antidepressant drugs and REM sleep therapeutic efficacy is positively related to the magnitude of the REM ..................

Back 15

REM, rebound

Front 16

Patients who fail to respond to REM deprivation typically do not respond to ......................

Back 16

imipramine

Front 17

SAD is a form of depression evident in.................months (short days/long nights)

Back 17

winter

Front 18

SAD involves:

Back 18

Mood and sleep disturbances - Carbohydrate cravings and weight gain

Front 19

Phototherapy for SAD:

Back 19

increased exposure to light improves mood in SAD (and also for unipolar depression) (particularly in the morning- think of circadian rhythm clock)

Front 20

MAJOR POINTS: Depression has an important ...................component: -Monoamine hypothesis; Serotonin, Norepinephrine
- Brain abnormalities - Sleep and depression are .................. ...............

Back 20

BIOLOGICAL (TWIN STUDIES ETC- CONSIDER EV.). Intimately related