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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nervous system (NS) = .......................... & .........................
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Central nervous system (CNS), Peripheral system (PNS)
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CNS, consists of the ............. & .............. ............
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brain & spinal chord
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PNS, two components; ................... NS, & ................... NS (consisting of the ........................NS, & the ..........................NS)
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somatic NS & autonomic NS, sympathetic, parasympathetic
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somatic nervous system
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associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles. The SoNS consists of efferent nerves responsible for stimulating muscle contraction, including all the non sensory neurons connected with skeletal muscles and skin.
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autonomic nervous system
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that acts as a control system functioning largely below the level of consciousness, and controls visceral functions.[1] The ANS affects heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, salivation, perspiration, pupillary dilation, micturition (urination), and sexual arousal. Whereas most of its actions are involuntary, some, such as breathing, work in tandem with the conscious mind. The ANS is located in the medulla oblongata which is then divided into the rcc(respiratory control centre) the ccc(cardiac control centre) and the vmc(vasomotor centre)
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sympathetic nervous system
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Its general action is to mobilize the body's nervous system fight-or-flight response. It is, however, constantly active at a basic level to maintain homeostasis. The sympathetic nervous system belongs to autonomic nervous system along with parasympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nerves starts from the spinal column running towards the middle part of spinal cord in the lateral horn. It originates at the spinal cord’s first thoracic segment and extends to third lumbar segment. This nervous system is considered to have thoracolumbar outflow since the cells of these nerves originates in the lumbar and thoracic regions. The primary function of this nervous system is mobilization of the body’s nervous system due to fight or flight response.
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parasympathetic nervous system
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increase = decrease in heart rate. is responsible for stimulation of "rest-and-digest" activities that occur when the body is at rest, including sexual arousal, salivation, lacrimation (tears), urination, digestion, and defecation. Its action is described as being complementary to that of one of the other main branches of the ANS, the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for stimulating activities associated with the fight-or-flight response.
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Nerve cells are specialized for communication (neurons conduct ............................ signals)
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ELECTROCHEMICAL
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Electrical chemical conduction: - ........................receive chemical message from adjoining cells - Chemical messengers activate ...................... on the dendritic membrane - .....................activation opens ion channels, which can alter membrane potential - ........................ can result, and is propagated down the membrane - Action potential causes release of transmitter from................. terminals
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Dendrites, receptors, Receptor , Action potential, axon
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membrane potential=
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voltage difference inside/outside of the axon
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Resting membrane potential (RMP):
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is the difference in voltage between the inside and outside of the axon membrane
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NA+ ions are in high concentration ................ the cell, while K+ ions are in high concentration ................ the cell
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OUTSIDE, INSIDE
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At rest, some K+ ions can ................ the cell, causing the exterior of the nerve cell membrane to be slightly ..................... relative to the inside of the axon
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leave, positive,
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the high concentration of NA+ ions outside the cell is maintained by a ...................................................
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sodium-potassium pump
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AP is a stereotyped change in ........................... potential
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membrane
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voltage channels, open at the ...............................and close at roughly 40 (something)
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threshold
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The action potential: -Is an “...................” event: RMP either passes threshold or doesn’t -Is propagated down the ............. membrane -Notion of successive patches of membrane - Has a fixed .................: AP’s don’t change in height to signal information - Has a conduction velocity (meters/sec) - Has a refractory period in which stimulation will not produce an......... (limits the firing rate)
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all or none, axon. amplitude, AP
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Decremental Conduction:
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impaired conduction in a portion of a fiber because of progressively lessening response of the unexcited portion of the fiber to the action potential coming toward it; it is manifested by decreasing speed of conduction, amplitude of action potential, and extent of spread of the impulse.
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The “......................” is the physical gap between pre- and post-synaptic membranes (~20-30 nMeters-VERY SMALL)
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synapse
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presynaptic membrane is typically an ................
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axon
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The axon terminal contains- ......................that provide energy for axon functions -..................... (round objects) that contain neurotransmitter -......................... that are a part of the Golgi apparatus: recycle vesicles
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Mitochondria, Vesicles, Cisternae
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Postsynaptic membrane can be
- A ...................... (axodendritic synapse) - A ......... .......... (axosomatic synapse) - Another axon (axoaxonic synapse) - An effector organ (Muscle, Gland) |
dendrite, cell body
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Neurotransmitter Release: Vesicles lie “..................” near the presynaptic membrane - The arrival of an ....................... at the axon terminal opens voltage-dependent CA++channels*CA++ ions flow into the axon *CA++ ions change the structure of the proteins that bind the vesicles to the ...................... membrane - A fusion pore is opened, which results in the merging of the vesicular and presynaptic membranes - The vesicles release their contents into the ......................- Released transmitter then diffuses across cleft to interact with postsynaptic membrane receptors
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docked, action potential, presynaptic, synapse
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Postsynaptic Receptors: .......................... of neurotransmitter (NT) bind to receptors located on the postsynaptic membrane
-Receptor activation opens ........................ ion channels -Ions flow through the membrane, producing either depolarisation or hyperpolarization - The resulting ....................................depends on which ion channel is opened |
Molecules, postsynaptic, postsynaptic potential (PSP)
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Postsynaptic receptors alter ion channels*Directly (......................receptors)*Indirectly, using second messenger systems that require energy (...................... receptors)
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ionotropic, metabotropic
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PSPs are either ..................(EPSP) or .................... (IPSP)
- Opening NA+ ion channels results in an EPSP - Opening K+ ion channels results in an IPSP |
excitatory, inhibitory
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Neural integration
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involves the algebraic summation of PSPs (PASSIVE)
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The binding of NT to a postsynaptic receptor results in a PSP - ..................... of PSPs is accomplished via - .................: the NT molecule is transported back into the cytoplasm of the presynaptic membrane - The NT molecule can be reused - Enzymatic .......................: an enzyme destroys the NT molecule
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Termination, Reuptake, deactivation
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