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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. TMS
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation: temporarily knock out park of someones brain, check it out then put it back
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2. a ................ is said to have occurred when a localised region of the brain is ...............and ceases to ..................... normally
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lesion, damaged, function
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3. by deducing what patients ........... do you can deduce what function the .................. area of the .............. was responsible for
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3. can't, leisioned, brain
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4. Four classic examples of lesion studies. 1. H........... M.............. 2. P................. G........... 3 B............ A........... 4. W................. A..............
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4. 1.Henry Molaison 2. Phineas Gage 3.Brocas Area 4. Wernickes Area.
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5. 1.Henry Molaison (STATS):RESULT:
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5. HM 1953. to control intractable epilepsy portions of HMs brain (incl hippocampus, para hippocampal gyrus & amygdala) were removed. RESULT: severe ANTEROGRADE amnesia (couldn't form new LTMs) BUT STM intact
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6. 2.Phineas Gage (STATS):RESULT:
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6. 1848 railway worker , iron bar in head, emoted much of LFL (+possible some of his RFL). RESULT: severe shift in personality (profanity) = proposed that FLs determine persons character.
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7. 3.Brocas Area (STATS): AREA OF BRAIN:Involved with:
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7. discovered by pierre broca - study of patients who had suffered brain injury- front of brain- involved w/ SPEECH PRODUCTION
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8. 4.Wernickes Area (STATS):AREA OF BRAIN:Involved with:
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8. carl wernickes- BACK of BRAIN. inv. w/ LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION.
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9. Problems w/ lesion studies
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9. have to wait for lesions to occur. can't choose leaisoned area. given brain, time compensates.
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10. TMS. uses rapidly changing ............ field
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10. magnetic
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Generative effects of TMS: - when applied over .......can produce and observable .............
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PMC, twitch
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Generative effects of TMS: - when applied over visual cortex can generate p...........
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phosophenes (bright flashes of light perceived in the absence of any visual stimulus) - (pulse has to be very stung to illicit phosophenes)
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Inhibitory effects of TMS: more common than generative as TMS ............ brain region creating a v............ l................
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inhibits, virtual, lesion.
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inhibition caused by TMS due to the increases of n.............. n..............
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neural, noise
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Advantages of TMS over real lesions:
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focused lesions, bran doesn't have time to compensate, short lived- each patient control
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safety of TMS?
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pretty safe as only penetrates cortex BUT can still cause seizures.
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Clinical uses of TMS?
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Depression treatment- controversial
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TMS uses rapidly changing magnetic ....... to induce electrical ............in the brain
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field, currents,
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1st ever TMS 19......THE ...........group. stimulated the ........... cortex, observed .......... tremors
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85, sheffield, motor, muscle
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Four key experiments. Study1: Amassian et al. 1989
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used TMS to inhibit processing in a particular brain region. Specifically used TMS to mask a visual stimulus. time & space.
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Four key experiments. Study2: Amassian et al. 1993
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- two stimuli, fast succession. - usually 2nd is seen but 1st isn't. -suppress 2nd, 1st is seen. THEREFORE noise theory is invalidated.
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Four key experiments. Study3: Pascal-Leene & Walsh 2001
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- VISUAL AWARENESS an element of consciousness, Middle temporal area (MT). associated w/ motion perception. activity correlates w/ perceived motion. leisoning MT causes AKINETOSPIA (the inability to perceive motion). Stimulating MT causes phosophenes. inhibit V1, repeat- no phosophene. THE MASTER MAP SUPPORTED.. relate together different brain areas. (studies search for central visual processing region). V1 is necessary for visual awareness.
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Four key experiments. Study4: Ashbridge et al. 1997
2. types of visual search. 1. C............... 2. F................ |
testing FIT. 1.CONJUNCTION. the process of searching for a target that is not defined by any single unique visual feature, but by a combination of two or more features. 2.FEATURE. the process of searching a target which differs from the distractors by a unique visual feature, such as color, size, orientation or shape.
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The physics of TMS
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Faradays law. basic law of electromagnetism relating to the operating principles of transformers, inductors, and many types of electrical motors and generators.VOLTAGE FROM changing capacitor. dual loops- go into centre.
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TMS is caused by a ...........which produces a .................field AND then inside the brain the ................ magnetic field causes a current (causes ........... in the brain)
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current, magnetic, changing, NOISE
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The right s............p............cortex is thought to be involved in deployment of ...................
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superior parietal, attention
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visual attention is required of ............... search but not for ................... search (Ash 1997).
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conjunction, feature
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