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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The extra temporal brain, 3 regions involved with memory
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1. Papez's circuit
2. The Frontal Lobes 3. Diencephalon (Hindbrain) |
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Papez's circuit. Discovered by ...... in ........, specific brain circuit devoted to ........... experience and expression
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James Papez in 1937, emotional
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Papezz's circuit and............ = .............. system
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Amygdala, limbic
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What's in Papez's circuit?
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Mamillary bodies, fornix, anterior thalamic nuclei (ATN), cigulate gyrus and the hippocampus
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Mamillary bodies
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Pair of small round bodies, located on the undersurface of the brain, that, as part of the diencephalon form part of the limbic system. They are located at the ends of the anterior arches of the fornix. They consist of two groups of nuclei, the medial mammillary nuclei and the lateral mammillary nuclei.
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Fornix
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C-shaped bundle of fibers (axons) in the brain, and carries signals from the hippocampus to the hypothalamus.
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Cigulate gyrus
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The five layered cingulate gyrus sits atop the corpus callosum and can be broadly divided into two segments: the anterior cingulate (areas 24, 25, and 33) which is concerned with vocalizing and emotional and motoric functioning involving the hands, and regulating autonomic and endocrine activities; and the posterior (area 23) cingulate which is involved in visual-spatial and tactile analysis as well as motor output and memory.gyrus, which lies immediately above the corpus callosum, and the continuation of this in the cingulate sulcus. The cingulate cortex is usually considered part of the limbic lobe.
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Hippocampus
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Major component of the brains of humans and other vertebrates. It belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory and spatial navigation. Humans and other mammals have two hippocampi, one in each side of the brain. The hippocampus is closely associated with the cerebral cortex, and in primates is located in the medial temporal lobe, underneath the cortical surface. It contains two main interlocking parts: Ammon's horn[1] and the dentate gyrus.
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Leisions in Papez's circuit
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Declarative memory impairments (esp if hippocampus +/ ATN are leisioned)
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The frontal lobes, involved with
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Motor programing (Posterior FL), cognitive processes, eg. problem solving/planing
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The FLs and memory
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Encoding and retrieval (strategies for)
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The FLs and impairment
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Contextual details, source of info, chronological order
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Confabulation
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Production of statements including bizarre DISTORTIONS of memory
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Diencephalon (hindbrain); th........ & hy..............
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Thalamus & Hypothalamus
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Damage to the Thalamus;
Dorsal medial.... Interlinear/midline.... |
DM. deficits in selecting appropriate info to be retrieved 'active retrieval'
I/M. deficits in semantic and retrieval memory |
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Synaptic plasticity
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In neuroscience, synaptic plasticity is the ability of the connection, or synapse, between two neurons to change in strength in response to either use or disuse of transmission over synaptic pathways. Plastic change also results from the alteration of the number of receptors located on a synapse.
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Hebbs rule
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Refers to Hebb's contention that neurons within the brain that are simultaneously or successively active become associated. One type of neural network applies this rule by adjusting the mathematical weights of units that are simultaneously or successively active. The result is that consistent input gradually produces consistent output.
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Long-term potential
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A long-lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons that results from stimulating them synchronously. It is one of several phenomena underlying synaptic plasticity, the ability of chemical synapses to change their strength. As memories are thought to be encoded by modification of synaptic strength
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LTP causes synaptic change
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Glutamate - Excitatory NT. LTP --> new receptors to be inserted in post synaptic membran. LTP --> a # of changes @ the synapse that allows LTS to continue for months
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Sites of LTP
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Hippocampus (CA1, dentate gyrus), ethorinal cortex, prefrontal and motor cortex, thalamus, amygdala, visual cortex
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Other mechanisms of synaptic plasticity; 1.L.....2.H.........3.S...........
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1. Long-term depression. 2.Habituation. 3. Sensitization.
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Long-term depression
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An activity-dependent reduction in the efficacy of neuronal synapses lasting hours or longer
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Habituation
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Can be defined as a process or as a procedure. As a process it is defined as a decrease in an elicited behavior resulting from the repeated presentation of an eliciting stimulus (a simple form of learning).[1] As a procedure it is defined as the repeated presentation of an eliciting stimulus that may result in the decline of the elicited behavior (the process of habituation), an increase of the elicited behavior (the process of sensitization), or an initial increase followed by a decline of the elicited behavior (a sensitization process followed by a habituation process).
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Sensitization
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An example of non-associative learning in which the progressive amplification of a response follows repeated administrations of a stimulus.[1] An everyday example of this mechanism is a warm sensation followed by pain caused by constantly rubbing an arm. The pain is the result of the progressively amplified response of the nerve endings
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Learning in memory occurs by ........
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LTP
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LTP is caused by ............... changes , which facilitate firing of the p-s...............
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cellular, neuron
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Learning also occurs though other mechanisms incl. .............,.................,...............
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1. Long-term depression. 2.Habituation. 3. Sensitization.
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