Psyc1/chap5/learning

Front 1

avoidance learning

Back 1

The learning of behaviors that allow an organism to avoid an aversive stimulus.

Front 2

behavior modification (B-mod)

Back 2

The systematic application of learning principles to strength hen adaptive behavior and weaken maladaptive behavior.

Front 3

behavior therapy

Back 3

A form of therapy that involves the systematic application of the principles of learning.

Front 4

classical conditioning

Back 4

The process of learning by which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response identical or similar to one that was originally elicited by another stimulus as the result of the pairing or association of the two stimuli.

Front 5

cognitive learning

Back 5

Learning that occurs without the opportunity of first performing the learned response or being reinforced for it.

Front 6

cognitive map

Back 6

A mental representation of an area that helps an organism navigate its way from one point to another.

Front 7

computer-assisted instruction

Back 7

A form of programmed instruction in which a computer is used to guide a student through a series of increasingly difficult questions.

Front 8

conditioned emotional reaction (CER)

Back 8

An emotional response to a particular stimulus acquired through classical conditioning.

Front 9

conditioned response (CR)

Back 9

An acquired or learned response to a conditioned stimulus.

Front 10

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Back 10

A previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Front 11

conditioned taste aversions

Back 11

Aversions to particular tastes acquired through classical conditioning.

Front 12

discriminative stimulus

Back 12

A cue that signals that reinforcement t is available if the subject makes a particular response.

Front 13

escape learning

Back 13

The learning of behaviors that allow an organism to escape from an aversive stimulus.

Front 14

extinction

Back 14

The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response.

Front 15

immune system

Back 15

The body’s system of defense against disease.

Front 16

insight learning

Back 16

The process of mentally working through a problem unit l the sudden realization of a solution occurs.

Front 17

latent learning

Back 17

Learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and that is not displayed until reinforcement is provided.

Front 18

Law of Effect

Back 18

Thorndike’s principle that responses that have satisfying effects are m ore likely to recur, whereas those that have unpleasant effects are less likely to recur.

Front 19

learning

Back 19

A relatively permanent change in behavior acquired through experience.

Front 20

negative reinforcement

Back 20

The strengthening of a response through the removal of a stimulus after the response occurs.

Front 21

neutral stimulus (NS)

Back 21

A stimulus that before conditioning does not produce a particular response.

Front 22

observational learning

Back 22

Learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others (also called vicarious learning or modeling ).

Front 23

operant conditioning

Back 23

The process of learning in which the consequences of a response determine the probability that the response will be repeated.

Front 24

operant response

Back 24

A response that operates on the environment to produce certain consequences.

Front 25

phobias

Back 25

Excessive fears of particular ob jests or situations.

Front 26

positive reinforcement

Back 26

The strengthening of a response through the introduction of a stimulus after the response occurs.

Front 27

primary reinforcers

Back 27

Reinforcers, such as food or sexual stimulation, that are naturally rewarding because they satisfy basic biological needs or drives.

Front 28

programmed instruction

Back 28

A learning method in which complex material is broken down into a series of small steps that learners master at their own pace.

Front 29

punishment

Back 29

The introduction of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a reinforcing stimulus after a response occurs, which leads to the weakening or suppression of the e response.

Front 30

radical behaviorism

Back 30

The philosophical position that free will is an illusion or myth and that human and animal behavior is completely determined by environmental and genetic influences.

Front 31

reconditioning

Back 31

The process of relearning a conditioned response following extinction.

Front 32

reinforcer

Back 32

A stimulus or event that increases the probability that the response it follows will be repeated.

Front 33

schedule of continuous reinforcement

Back 33

A system of dispensing a reinforcement each time a response is produced.

Front 34

schedule of partial reinforcement

Back 34

A system of reinforcement in which only a portion of responses is reinforced.

Front 35

schedules of reinforcement

Back 35

Predetermined plans for timing the delivery of reinforcement.

Front 36

secondary reinforcers

Back 36

Learned reinforcers, such as money, that develop their reinforcing properties because of their association with primary reinforcers.

Front 37

shaping

Back 37

A process of learning that involves the reinforcement of increasingly closer approximations of the desired response.

Front 38

Skinner box

Back 38

An experimental apparatus developed by B. F. Skinner for studying relationships between reinforcement and behavior.

Front 39

spontaneous recovery

Back 39

The spontaneous return of a conditioned response following extinction.

Front 40

stimulus discrimination

Back 40

The tendency to differentiate among stimuli so that stimuli that are related to the original conditioned stimulus, but not identical al to it, fail to elicit a conditioned response.

Front 41

stimulus generalization

Back 41

The tendency for stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.

Front 42

superstitionous behavior

Back 42

In Skinner’s view, behavior acquired through coincidental association of a response and a reinforcement.

Front 43

token economy program

Back 43

A form of behavior mod fiction in which tokens earned for performing desired behaviors can be exchanged for positive reinforcers.

Front 44

unconditioned response (UR)

Back 44

An unlearned response to a stimulus.

Front 45

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Back 45

A stimulus that elicits an unlearned response.