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37 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
scientific method
multistep technique that generates empirical knowledge-knowledge derived from systematic observation of the world
hypothesis
-Step 3 of the sci method
-essentially a predicition about the characteristics of the behavior under study
-normally expressed in the form of a testable if-then statement
operational definition
definitions that specify how concepts can be observed and measured
reactivity
when behavior changes as a result of the observation process
naturalistic observation
descriptive research technique that records naturally occurring behavior as opposed to behavior produced in the lab
case study
descriptive research technique in which the effort is focused on a single case, usually an individual
random sampling
a procedure guarenteeing that everyone in the population has an equal likelihood of being selected for the sample
mean
arithmetic average of a set of scores
mode
most frequently occuring score in a set od scores
median
middle pt in an ordered set of scores; half of the scores fall at or below this score, and half fall at or above this score
descriptive statistics
mathmatical techns that help
researchers describe their data
inferential statistics
mathematical techns that help researchers decide whether data are representative of a population or whether differences among observation can be attributed to chance
correlation
statistic that indicates whether 2 variables vary together in a systematic way;vary from -1 to +1
scatterplot
Positive Correlation-values move in same direction
Negative Correlation-values move in opposite directions
experiment(al research)
techn in which the investigator actively manipulates the environment to observe its effect on behavior
dependent variable
behavior that is measured or observed in an expierement
independent variable
-aspect of the environment that is manipulated in an experiement
-must contain at least 2 conditions
confounding variable
uncontrolled variable that changes along with the independent variable
placebo
inactive/inert substance that resembles and experimental substance
double blind design
neither the participants nor research obervers are aware of who has been assigned to the experimental and control groups ; it's used to control for both subject and experimenter expectations
memory
capacity to preserve and recover info
encoding
processes that determine and control how memories are formed
storage
processes that determines and controsl how memories are stored and kept over time
retrieval
processes that determines and controls how memories are recovered and translated into performance
sensory memory
an exact replica of an environmental message, which usually lasts for a second or less
short term memory
a limited -capacity system that we used to hold info after it has been analyzed for periods lasting less than minue or two
long term memory
system used to maintain info for extended periods of time
working memory
short term memory
rehersal
a strategic process that helps to amintain short-term memories indefinitely through the use of internal repetition
semantic memory
knowledge about the world, stored facts that make little or no reference to one's personal experiences
episodic memory
memory for a particular event/episode, that happened to you personally
distributed practice
spacing the repetitions of to-be-remembered info over time
serial position curve
when we are asked to recall a list of items, our performance depends on the temporal/postition of the entries in the list
method of loci
mnemonic device in which you choose some pathway, such as moving through the rooms in your house, and then form visual images of the to-be-remembered items sitting in locations alon the pathway
implicit memory
remembering that occurs in the absense of conscious awareness or willful intent
explicit memory
conscious, willful remembering
biased sample
unrepresenative; volunteers w/ strong opinions