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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
scientific method
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multistep technique that generates empirical knowledge-knowledge derived from systematic observation of the world
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hypothesis
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-Step 3 of the sci method
-essentially a predicition about the characteristics of the behavior under study -normally expressed in the form of a testable if-then statement |
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operational definition
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definitions that specify how concepts can be observed and measured
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reactivity
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when behavior changes as a result of the observation process
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naturalistic observation
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descriptive research technique that records naturally occurring behavior as opposed to behavior produced in the lab
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case study
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descriptive research technique in which the effort is focused on a single case, usually an individual
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random sampling
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a procedure guarenteeing that everyone in the population has an equal likelihood of being selected for the sample
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mean
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arithmetic average of a set of scores
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mode
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most frequently occuring score in a set od scores
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median
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middle pt in an ordered set of scores; half of the scores fall at or below this score, and half fall at or above this score
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descriptive statistics
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mathmatical techns that help
researchers describe their data |
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inferential statistics
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mathematical techns that help researchers decide whether data are representative of a population or whether differences among observation can be attributed to chance
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correlation
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statistic that indicates whether 2 variables vary together in a systematic way;vary from -1 to +1
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scatterplot
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Positive Correlation-values move in same direction
Negative Correlation-values move in opposite directions |
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experiment(al research)
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techn in which the investigator actively manipulates the environment to observe its effect on behavior
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dependent variable
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behavior that is measured or observed in an expierement
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independent variable
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-aspect of the environment that is manipulated in an experiement
-must contain at least 2 conditions |
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confounding variable
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uncontrolled variable that changes along with the independent variable
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placebo
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inactive/inert substance that resembles and experimental substance
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double blind design
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neither the participants nor research obervers are aware of who has been assigned to the experimental and control groups ; it's used to control for both subject and experimenter expectations
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memory
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capacity to preserve and recover info
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encoding
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processes that determine and control how memories are formed
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storage
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processes that determines and controsl how memories are stored and kept over time
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retrieval
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processes that determines and controls how memories are recovered and translated into performance
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sensory memory
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an exact replica of an environmental message, which usually lasts for a second or less
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short term memory
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a limited -capacity system that we used to hold info after it has been analyzed for periods lasting less than minue or two
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long term memory
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system used to maintain info for extended periods of time
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working memory
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short term memory
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rehersal
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a strategic process that helps to amintain short-term memories indefinitely through the use of internal repetition
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semantic memory
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knowledge about the world, stored facts that make little or no reference to one's personal experiences
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episodic memory
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memory for a particular event/episode, that happened to you personally
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distributed practice
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spacing the repetitions of to-be-remembered info over time
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serial position curve
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when we are asked to recall a list of items, our performance depends on the temporal/postition of the entries in the list
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method of loci
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mnemonic device in which you choose some pathway, such as moving through the rooms in your house, and then form visual images of the to-be-remembered items sitting in locations alon the pathway
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implicit memory
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remembering that occurs in the absense of conscious awareness or willful intent
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explicit memory
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conscious, willful remembering
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biased sample
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unrepresenative; volunteers w/ strong opinions
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