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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 core assumptions of psychoanalytic theory |
1. All psyc events have a cuase 2. most causes come from unconcious motivation 3. all actions and behaviours have a symbolic meaning |
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3 agencies of human psyche |
1. The Id. the reservoir of primitive instincts ie sex/aggression 2. The superego: contains the sense of right/wrong obtained from societal interactions 3. The ego: the decision maker which resolves competing demands from the other 2 |
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Myth: Dreams have symbolic meanings |
From Sigmund Freud saying dreams are the royal road to the understanding of unconsciousness making psychoanalysts believe the dream is full of symbols, and dream dictionaries popped up. That dreams have 2 types of content Manifest-setting/characters/story Latent-Deeper meaning involving symbols 45-75% of people believe dream symbols Science shows no correlation |
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2 things Freud got right. |
1. Thoughts/feelings/experiences affect dreams 2. emotions play a powerful role in dreams |
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Consciousness |
Refers to our subjective experience of the world, our bodies, and our mental perspectives |
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Circadian Rhythems |
cyclical changes that occur on a 24 hour cycle involved in many biological processes Such as: hormone release, blood pressure, temp reg, brain waves, drowsiness/sleep These even occur without day/night cues Light is an important day/night cue and is synchronized by sending signals to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (part of the hypothalamus that regulates sleeping/waking) |
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Fatal Familal Insomnia |
Rare brain genetic disease affecting 30 families discovered by Ignazio Roiter, who saw 2 women from same family died to insomnia causes a soluble protein to become insoluble Onset ranges from 30-60 Avg:50 Death after onset between 7-36months No cure, or treatment Hope on gene therapy but so far unsucessful, sleeping pills cause insomnia faster. |
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4 Stages of Fatal Familal insomnia |
1. increasing insomnia 2. Hallucinations, panic attacks, phobias develop 3. Complete inability to sleep and rapid weight loss 4. Dementia, unresponsiveness and mute, eventually death. |
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Stages of sleeping and Dreaming |
in a 8 hour cycle a person has 4 stages of NREM and 1 stage or REM REM sleep involves rapid eye movement,variable breathing and brainwaves that resemble wakefulness, they also have much more vivid dreams |
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Dreams |
3-4 dreams a night, however only remembered if awaken during or directly after them emotional content/ important imagery increase likely hood of remembering the dream |
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Disorders of Sleep |
Insomnia-Problems going to sleep staying awake, or waking early, sleeping pills help induce sleep but decrease REM, brief psychotherapy more effective than pills Nacrolepsy- rapid and unexpected onset of sleep Sleep Apnea- blockage of airway during sleep resulting in daytime fatigue, person wakens often Night terrors- sudden waking episodes characterized by screaming perspiring, confusion and return to sleep Sleep walking- people asleep but appear awake, typically during stage 4 (deepest sleep) motor areas are active but higher areas are very much asleep |
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Kenneth Parks |
Likely killed his mother in law while sleep walking Evidence that suggests this- events prior to the night of the killing, and brain wave patterns |
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Theories and Psychology of Dreams (4) |
-Freud's Psychoanalytical theory -Activation synthesis theory (2 key parts REM iniated by inc of acetylcholine (activating pons sending incomplete signals to higher levels of brain and REM decreases serotonin and norepinephrine which decrease cortical areas ability to intergrate info) -Neuro cognitive and developmental theories - REM either to eliminate unnecessary connections, strengthen connections made during wakefull ness or participate in neural maturation |
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Franz Mesmer (who and what he did) |
Viennese physician who first demonstrated the power of suggestion
Put people in hypnosis, and caused them to have a crisis by tapping them with his wand (due to suggesting it)
1784 commision headed by benjamin franklin determined this to be due to placebo effects (imagination, expectation, belief) |
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5 researchers who studied hypnosis |
Franz mesmer Sigmund Freud Alfred Banet William James Marquis du puysugaur |
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Marquis du Puysugaur |
practiced hypnosis but didn't suggest to his patients that they'd have a crisis during it and they didn't, his patients entered a sleep state. |
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Late 1800's myths of hypnosis that are portrayed by hollywood? |
sleep like state, very suggestible, forget afterwards what has transpired. |
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Is hypnosis an altered state of conciousness? |
77% of college students believe so, 44% believe a hypnotized person is like a robot evidence suggests a hypnotized person, can resist suggestions, won't do anything out of character, have similar brain waves to wakeful people, and are no more likely to respond to suggestions than people exercising on a bike. |
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How is hypnotic suggestibility determined |
Determined by motivation,beliefs, imagination and expectation as well as responsiveness to wakeful suggestions. No evidence to suggest hypnosis increases suggestability |
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Sociocognitive theory of hypnosis |
proposes hypnosis based on peoples attitudes, beliefs and expectations |
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Dissociation theory of hypnosis |
based on separation between personality function normally well integrated such as attention, planning, coordination of behaviors and consequence appreciation. |
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Common factors of Near death experiences |
difficulty describing the event, Life review, hearing pronunciation of death, tunnel of light, meeting spiritual beings and worlds, and peacefullness |
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Interpretations of NDE's |
1. After life hypothesis- compelling reports of seeing things at great distance that should not be known during NDE's have been taken as evidence of a soul 2. Dying brain hypothesis- NDE's caused by brain malfunction, which is supported by scientific evidence as Tunnels/lights caused by disinhibtion of visual cortex, and OBE's can be induced by temporal stimulation, Peacefulness can be attributed to endorphins |
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Factors that affect influence of drugs? |
chemical makeup, genetics, dosage, mental set/environmental conditions |
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What is a substance abuser? |
a person who uses drugs to cope with stress or anxiety to the point where it has caused problems (social/financial/criminal), and has used for over a month in recurrent hazardous environments. |
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Depressant drugs? |
Alcohol, sedative/hypnotic drugs Sedative-calming Hypnotic induces sleep |
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Effects of alcohol? |
Decreased inhibitions (nervousness/anxiety) Decreased motor functions legal limit is 0.8mg/100mL of blood, but actual effects at this point vary greatly between individuals as well as how many drinks it takes to reach this point |
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Korsakoff's syndrome |
degenerative brain disease caused by lack of thiamine affecting the thalmus and causing amnesia, confabulation and apathy -Caused by alcohol abuse, malnutrition and eating disorders |
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Stimulant drugs |
Tobacco, cocaine, caffiene, amphetamines, meth |
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Opiate/ Narcotic drugs |
Heroin, morphine, codeine, Oxycontin cause dulling of senses/pain and a elated feeling May cause increased energy/sexual arousal, alertness, and light headedness all of which is short lived |
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Psychedelic drugs |
alter perception and mood, LSD, Acid, Mushrooms, Marijuana. |
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Effects of marijuana |
50% of canadians admit to trying it, alleviates depression, sense of elation however causes sleeplessness impaired performance to attention and memory, and possible brain changes/damage |
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Myth: students learn best when TS matched to their LS |
-70 Ls models have been described, ie VAKS. however only 25% of publications on these are peer reviewed. Problems with LS-TS models 1. little agreement 2. Little validity on LS assesement, 3. equal # of studies find LS-TS useless, 4. difficult to train instructors to teach using LS-TS models. Commonly used in school districts. |
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Define learning |
Permanent change in an organism caused by experiences, |
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3 types of conditioning? |
Classical- a neutral stimulus causes a response through conditioning, ie bell=food by repeatedly ringing bell before food. Operant conditioning-uses punishment/reinforcement to affect behavior Response--> reinforcement/punishment |
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Ivan Pavlov |
Studied classical conditioning with dogs, by showing and UCR-UCS mechanism by seeing dogs salivate as you put food in their mouth, but by ringing the bell before food noticed it caused salivation as well, showing a CS-CR mechanism |
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Systemic Densistization |
process in which fear inducing stimulus is extinguished through gradual increase of feared stimulus (showing nothing to worry about) |
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4 types of operant conditioning? |
Positive reinforcement-desirable stimulus after response (positive behaviour) Negative reinforcement-removal of undesirable stimulus after dersirable response ie taken out of timeout after apology Postive punishment- undersirable stimulus used to to punish bad behaviour ie draw on walls-> wash walls Negative punishment- pleasent stimulus removed to punish bad behaviour draw on walls->removal of TV |
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4 types of Consequence frequencies |
Fixed interval schedule -reinforcement on set time period (response inc before reinforcement and dec after reinforcement) Variable interval schedule- reinforcement on predetermined set time period (slow regular rate of response) Fixed ratio schedule-reinforcement on set number of response (rapid response until reinforcement then pause) Variable ratio schedule- reinforcement on variable number of responses (continual rapid response) |
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Observation learning |
Behaviors learned by watching another "model" behaviors then imitated through internal representation of that behavior |
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Albert Bandura |
Demonstrated observational learning through the bobo doll experiment |
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Myth: opposites attract |
Pop psyc experts suggests this, due to Harville Hendrix saying opposites attract as similarity causes boredom Complementary is the term for opposite attracting 80% of undergrads believe this Agreeing on beliefs, values, economics and culture found to increase succesfulness in relationships Dislike people with dissimilar beliefs. |
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Harville Hendrix |
said opposites attract as similarity causes boredom |
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Assortative mating |
mating pattern where similar pheno/genotype mate well documented in humans and average more successful |
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Examples of classical conditioning in real life? (4) |
1. drug tolerance/overdose- effects of drugs may be mediated by environmental ques such as BP being lowered by heroin being offset by BP increase of taking heroin 2. Digest reactions-would you eat fudge that looks like poop? you would once you knew it was fudge. 3. Conditioned taste aversion (Gareia effect)- discovered by John Gareia which shows tastes associated with negative health outcomes cause aversion to those foods. may be misapplied due to coincidence 4. Fetishes- abnormal objects that cause sexual excitement could be developed in quails by putting nonliving objects in with females (males would mate with nonliving objects) |
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Operant conditioning in real life |
1. Animal training (shaping (conditioning by postiive reinforcement) ,fading (reducing reinforcement on not quite right responses) ,chaining (condition link between separate behaviours, one response acts as a que for another) 2. overcoming procrastination- done by postivly reinforcing less frequent behaviours (homework) with more frequent ones (TV) 3. superstitions- actions linked to reinforcement by sheer chance, 90% of undergrads have these before exams, might work be boosting self confidence, no correlation actually seen just acted as if there was 4. Token economies which reward desirable behaviour and extinguish indersireable behaviour ie work in jail if you're good |
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Wade Boggs |
A superstitous MLB player who ate chicken before everygame caught 117 ground balls in pregame warmup did batting practice at 5:17pm and sprints at 7:17pm asked announcer not to say number during introduction of team because he broke outta slump the day the announcer forgot |
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Secondary reinforcement |
neutral object which is associated with positive reinforcement, or can be exchanged for postive reinforcement ie, child reads books, parents notice, parents praise child, reading the book is the secondary reinforcement and is traded for praise |
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Observation learning and life |
1. Observational learning- seen in Albert Banduras Bobo doll experiment 2. Insight learning - insight occurs when the underlying nature of a problem is discovered (Aha! moments) Wolfgang Kohler presented 4 chimps with puzzles and observed such moments (ancedotal) |
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Myth- human memory is a tape recorder, and records events perfectly |
3 phenomena that dissprove this -flashbulb memories -extremely vivid memories that are still prone to distortions when asked about them at different times -eyewittness testimonies- repeated recollection causes decreased retrieval, people can confuse info from different sources and and mistake recollections -False memories- memories can be induced by psycologists 20-40% of people have induced false memories |
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Kim Peek |
had Iq of 87 but remembered 12000 books word for word, every zipcode in amercia and was a calender calculator |
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Memory is "Blank" |
Reconstrucitve over recollective, ie if you recall a memory it usually a observor memory (seen from distance) over a field memory (personal POV) |
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3 systems of memory? |
Sensory memory- short lived perceptions before they go to ST mem, visual (iconic memories ~1 sec) and auditory (echoic memory ~ 5-10 seconds) Short term memory/Working memory- holds info for ~20 seconds, processes info Longterm memory- holds memories for minutes to years |
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Sperling |
1960 study, in which people saw 12 letters but they decayed so rapidly in their sensory memory that very few of them made it to ST memory. |
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George Miller |
Studied the capcity of ST memory and found is can hold 7 +/- 2 chunks of info Chunking is the process of combining smaller chunks into larger chunks ie phone number is 10 number but seen as 3 chunks |
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Rajan |
remembered 38,811 digits of pi by splitting it into chunks by memorizing important dates, area codes |
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Rehersal of ST memory |
1. Maintenance rehearsal- repeating of info in orginal form to help retain in ST mem (unlikely to do to LT) 2. Elaborate rehersal-links info to other stimuli in a meainingful way to increase likelyhood of making it to LT mem |
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Working memory |
Based on work by Alan Baddeley emphasizes processing of information 4 factors involved 1. Phonological loop- which processes auditory info 2. visual-spatial sketchboard- which visualizes visual-spatial info ie, a mental map of a route 3. Episodic buffer- limited capacity storage system for info currently being worked on 4. Executive center- directs info flow between other 3 subsystems, and interaction with the LT memory |
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Longterm memory |
retained for minutes to years, and capcity believed to be infinite |
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4 factors affecting LT memory retrieval |
1. Von restroff effect- tendency to remember distinct stimuli over indistinct stimuli, ie verb amongst nouns 2. Primacy effect- tendency to remember items at begining of list (more rehersal less proactive interference) 3.Recency effect- tendency to remember objects at end of list (less retroactive interference) 4. Imagery- creation of a mental image of a perceptual experience (visual imagery of an object helps retention) ie Dog-shoe if you imagine a dog in a shoe its easier to remember |
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Myth: People repress traumatic experiences |
2 controversial topics- can memories be repressed, and can they be retrieved through therapy One study found men and women believed memories can be repressed and 89% say the have repressed memories Freud beleived many neuroses and hysteria were products of repressed memories of child abuse, this believe is alive today in psychotherapists A study into psychotherapists found 60% believe repression is a major factor in forgetting and 40% believe childhood memories are forgotten due to repression 75% use memory recovery techniques and 25% of them with female clients say that can tell if someone has repressed memories withone 1 visit. problems of LT memory retrieval at therapist 1. Repeated attempts of retrieval causes worse retrieval 2. confuse info sources 3. motivation to do what is expected Social implications - Gary ramona- psychiratrist used suggestive techniques and drugs to make daughter beleive he raped her, lawsuit ruled against the therapists |
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Longterm memory types |
split into explicit and implicit
Explicit is consciously recalled- and is split into episodic or recollection of the events in our lives and semantic which is our knowledge of the world Implicit is not intentionally recalled and is split into procedural,priming,conditioned and habitual these areas contain our skills and abilities we've learned but don't consciously think about on use ie motor skills. |
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Memory loss types |
1. decay- memory loss due to inuse 2. interference-loss of information due to competition with new information, Proactive- old info blocks new info, Retroactive new info blocks old info |
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Amnesia |
inability to remember info due to physiological trauma 2 types retrograde- can't remember stuff before trauma Anterograde- can't remember stuff after trauma |
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myths of amnesia? |
Memory loss is always complete (this is rare) |
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Infantile Amnesia |
The phenomena of adults being unable to recall memories before the age of 5, and it is suggested all "memories" of this time period and false. possibly due to hippocampus being underdeveloped and essential in LT memory, or the lack of sense of self |
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infantile implicit memory |
one study found infants could be givin implicit memory through operant conditioning by having some in a crib with a normal mobile, and other with a ribbon around their leg that when kicked causes the mobile to move. The ones with the ribbon were placed in the crib at a later date and found 2 months olds remember for a few days, 3 months a week, 6 months 2 weeks |
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What are the seven sins of memory and who wrote the book? |
Daniel Schacter 1.suggestibility 2. Misattribution of sources ie did you see it or did someone tell you they saw it and you believe you saw it 3. Bias- if you predetermine someone is shady and something happens more likely to blame thme 4. Transience- memories fade with time causing less accurate recollection over time 5.persistence-memories of bad events linger in our minds over good events 6. blocking-temporary inability to access specific info "tip of tongue" 7. Absentmindeness- failure to encode/retrieve memories due to tiredness/distracted ness |
