Psyc G7 -G10

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contains a reservoir o f unconscious psychic energy g that according to Freud strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives

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id

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twins who develop form a single fertilized egg that splits in tow creating two genetically identical organisms

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identical twins

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the process by which according to Freud children incorporate their parent's values into their developing superegos

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identification

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one's sense of self

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identity

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the perception of a relationship where none exits

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illusory correlation

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mental pictures

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imagery

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retention independent of conscious recollection

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implicit memory

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the process by which certain animals from attachments during a critical period very early in life

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imprinting

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failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

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inattentional blindness

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a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

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incentive

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the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

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independent variable

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giving priority to one's own goals over group goals, and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

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individualism

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the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.

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industrial-organizational psychology

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influence resulting form one's willingness to accept others; opinions about reality

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informational social influence

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"us"-people with whom one shares a common identity

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ingroup

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the tendency to favor one's own group

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in group bias

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the innermost part of the ear

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inner ear

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a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

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insight

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recurring problems in falling or saying asleep

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insomnia

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complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

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instinct

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mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience solve problems and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

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intelligence

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defined originally as the ration of mental age to chornilogical age multiplied by 100.

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intelligence quotient (iq)

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a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others using numerical scores

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intelligence tests

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the amount of energy in a light or sound wave which we perceive as brightness or loudness as determined by the waves' amplitude

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intensity

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the effect of one factor depends on another factor

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interaction

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the perception that one controls one's own fate

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internal locus of control

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central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

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inter neurons

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in psychoanalysis the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings resistances and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

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interpretation

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in Erikson's theory the ability to form close loving relationships a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

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intimacy

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a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

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intrinsic motivation

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a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

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iris

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the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

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james-lang theory

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the tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

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just-world phenomenon

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the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

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kinesthesis

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our spoken written or signed words and ways we combine them to communicate meaning

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language

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according to Freud the underlying meaning of a dream

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latent content

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learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

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latent learning

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Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences becomes less likely

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law of effect

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the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

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learned helplessness

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a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience

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learning

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the transparent structure behind the pupil that change shape to help focus images on the retina

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lens

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tissue destruction

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lesion

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the differing complementary views from biological to psychological to social-cultural for analyzing any given phenomenon

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levels of analysis

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a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brain stem and cerebral hemispheres; associated wit emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those 4 food and sex (includes the hippo campus amygdala and hypothalamus)

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limbic system

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Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think

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linguistic determinism

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a mental image or best example of a category

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prototype

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positive constructive helpful behavior the opposite of antisocial behavior

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prosocial behavior

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a personality test such as the rorsahach or tat that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

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projective test

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psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

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projection

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attempting to alleviate stresor directly -by changing the stress or the way we interact with that stresor

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problem focused coping

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the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

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proactive interference

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the activation often unconsciously of certain associations thus predisposing one's perception memory or response

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priming

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the body structures that makes sexual reproduction possible

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primary sex characteristics

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an innately reinforcing stimulus such as one that satisfies a biological need

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primary reinforcer

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in Piaget's theory the stage during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

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pre-operational stage

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an unjustifiable attitude towards a group and its members

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prejudice

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the success w. which a test predicts the behavior that its designed to predict

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predictive validity

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a suggestion made during a hypnosis session to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized

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posthypnotic suggestion

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an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories nightmares social withdrawal jumpy anxiety.. insomnia that lingers for 4 weeks or more after traumatic experience

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post-traumatic stress disorder

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increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli such as food

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positive reinforcement

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a questionnaire on which people rspond to items designed to guage a wide range of feelings and behaviors

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personality inventory

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a subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment selection placement training appraisal and development

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personnel psychology

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a visual display of brain activity tha tdetects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

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petscan

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an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick successsion

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phi phenomenon

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an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation

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phobia

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in a language the smallest distinctive sound unit

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phoneme

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physsiological need for a drug marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued

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physical dependence

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a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency

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pitch

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endocrine system's most influential gland

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pituitary gland

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in hearing - the theorty that links the pitch we hear hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated

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pleace theory

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experimental results caused bby expectations alone

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placebo effect

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the brain's capacity for modification as evident in brain reorganization following damage and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development

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plasticity

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a machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies

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polygraph

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all the cases in a group from which samples may be drawn to study

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population

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the scientific sutdy of optimal human functioning

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positive psychology

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reinforcing a response only part of the time

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partial reinforcement

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an aroused state of intense positive absoption in one another

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passionate love

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the process of organizing and interpreting sensory in formation enabling us to recognize meaning ful objects and events

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preception

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in vision the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

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perceptual adaptation

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perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change

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perceptual constancy

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a mental predisposition to percieve one thing and not another

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perceptual set

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our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless

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personal control

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an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking feeling and acting

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personality

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psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

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personality disorders

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the portion of the fcerebral cortex lyihg at the top of the head and toward the rear

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parietal lobes

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the division of the autonomic nervous system tha tcalms the body conserving its energy

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parasympathetic nervous system

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the study of paranormal phenomena including ESP and psychokinesis

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parapsychology

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the processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously

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parallel processing

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an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain chokign or other frightenign sensations

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panic disorder

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the tendancey to be more confident than correct

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overconfidence

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"them" tose perceived as different or apart from one's ingorup

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outgroup

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a subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivitiy and facilitates organizational change

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organizational psychology

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the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

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optic nerve

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the thoery that opposing retinal processes enable color vison

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opponent process theory

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opium and its derivatives such as morphone and heroin

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opiates

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a statement of the procedures used to define research variables

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operational definition

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a type of learning in which behavior is strengthend by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

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operant conditioning

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a chamber also known as a skinner box

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operant chamber

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a behavior that operates on the environmetn producing consequences

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operant behavior

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the awarness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

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object permanence

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influene resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

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normatie social influence

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the symmetrical bellshaped curve that describes the distribution of many psyical and psychological attributes

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normal vurve

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an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior

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norm

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a nerve cell

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neuron

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chemical messengesr

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neurotransmitters

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interconnected neural cells

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neural networks

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a body's speedy electrochemical communication network

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nervous system

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neural cables containing many axons

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nerves

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interconnected neural cells

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neural networks

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a body's speedy electrochemical communication network

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nervous system

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neural cables containing many axons

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nerves