Psyc Exam2

Front 1

SENSATION

Back 1

passively receiving information through sensory inputs (ex. hearing voice)

Front 2

PERCEPTION

Back 2

interpret information (ex. knowing who it is)

Front 3

BOTTOM-UP

Back 3

starts at sensory receptors and works up to higher levels of processing

Front 4

TOP-DOWN

Back 4

constructs perceptions from sensory input by drawing on experiences and expectations

Front 5

TRANSDUCTION

Back 5

converting a form of energy (sense, smell) into a neural impulse our brain can then interpret.

Front 6

ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD

Back 6

Minimal stimulation necessary to detect light, sound, smell, etc.

Front 7

SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY

Back 7

predicts how/when we will detect stimuli – based on individual experiences, expectations, alertness; NOT one absolute for all

Front 8

SUBLIMINAL

Back 8

Below absolute threshold for conscious awareness (ex. Something flashes too quickly for us to notice, but can PRIME our response to a later question.)

Front 9

DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD

Back 9

Minimum difference we can detect between any two stimuli (when it becomes noticeable)

Front 10

WEBER LAW

Back 10

Average person perceives difference in stimuli by constant percentage not amount

Front 11

SENSORY ADAPTATION

Back 11

When we are constantly exposed to something, we notice it less

Front 12

PERCEPTUAL SET

Back 12

Set of mental tendencies & assumptions that affect what we hear, taste, see, and feel

Developed through experiences we form concepts or schemas, that organize unfamiliar information

Front 13

Extinction

Back 13

diminished response that occurs when CS no longer signals US

Front 14

Spontaneous Recovery

Back 14

reappearance (weakened) CR after pause (ex. Suppression of CS not extinction)

Front 15

Positive Reinforcement

Back 15

Add desirable stimulus (ex. Pet a dog when you call the dog over)

Front 16

Negative Reinforcement

Back 16

Remove aversive stimulus (ex. Take pain killers to avoid pain)

Front 17

Reinforcement Schedules (3 types)

Back 17

1. Continuous

2. Partial/Intermittent

3. Fixed-ratio

Front 18

Continuous

Back 18

reinforce desired response every time it occurs

Front 19

Partial/Intermittent

Back 19

only part of time (set intervals)

Front 20

Fixed-ratio

Back 20

reinforced after specified number of times behavior occurs

Front 21

Positive punishment

Back 21

Administer aversive stimulus

Front 22

Negative punishment

Back 22

Withdraw rewarding stimulus

Front 23

Learning by Observation

Back 23

Learn without direct experience, but through

watching and imitating others

Front 24

Vicarious reinforcement & Vicarious punishment

Back 24

Vicarious reinforcement & Vicarious punishment

Front 25

Mirror neurons

Back 25

Frontal lobe fires when “mirroring” another’s actions enabling imitation and empathy

Front 26

Bandura Social Learning Theory (4 stages)

Back 26

1. Attention

2. Retention/Memory

3. Initiation/Motor

4. Motivation

Front 27

Memory

Back 27

persistence of learning over time through storage and retrieval of information

Front 28

Recall

Back 28

measure of memory in which we MUST retrieve information learned earlier (fill-in-blank test)

Front 29

Recognition

Back 29

measure of memory where we need to ONLY identify previously learned information (multiple-choice test)

Front 30

Amygdala

Back 30

emotional memory

Front 31

Hippocampus

Back 31

explicit memory

Front 32

Cerebellum

Back 32

implicit memory

Front 33

explicit memory

Back 33

Facts and experiences that we consciously know or “declare”

Front 34

implicit memory

Back 34

Allows us to do things by

‘rote’ memory, w/o consciousness

Front 35

cortex

Back 35

cognitive memory

Front 36

limbic

Back 36

emotional memory

Front 37

midbrain/cerebellum

Back 37

motor-vestibular memory

Front 38

brain stem

Back 38

state memory

Front 39

working memory

Back 39

the ability to temporarily hold and manipulate info. for cognitive tasks

Front 40

Anterograde Amnesia

Back 40

inability to form new memories

Front 41

Retrograde Amnesia

Back 41

inability to retrieve information from our past

Front 42

Cognition thinking

Back 42

Mental activities associated w/ thinking, knowing, remembering, & communicating

Front 43

Algorithm (problem solving)

Back 43

Step-by-step procedure guarantees solution

Front 44

Heuristic (problem solving)

Back 44

Simple thinking strategy that allows for

judgement & solve problems efficiently

Front 45

Insight

Back 45

Sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contradicts strategy based solutions

Front 46

Intuition

Back 46

Effortless, immediate, automatic thought or feeling.

or

Unreasoned feelings and thoughts

Front 47

Availability Heuristic

Back 47

When we estimate the likelihood of events based on how mentally available they are

Front 48

Overconfidence

Back 48

Tendency to overestimate accuracy of our knowledge and judgement

Front 49

Belief Perseverance

Back 49

Clinging to one’s initial conceptions of an event or person, even after the way the conception was formed has been discredited

Front 50

Framing

Back 50

How we present an issue, sways our decisions and judgments

Front 51

Creativity

Back 51

Ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable

Front 52

Convergent thinking

Back 52

Narrows available problem solutions to determine best solution

Front 53

5 components of creativity

Back 53

Creative environment

Front 54

Broca's area

Back 54

speech production

Front 55

wernick's area

Back 55

word recognition

Front 56

motor cortex

Back 56

meaning of words

Front 57

Phonemes

Back 57

CHAT: ch, a, t

Front 58

Morphemes

Back 58

Bat, pre-, adapted

Front 59

Grammar

Back 59

System of rules that enables us to communicate with others

Front 60

Receptive language

Back 60

Ability to understand what is said to and about oneself

Front 61

Productive language

Back 61

Ability to produce words

Front 62

Crystallized intelligence

Back 62

Accumulated knowledge as reflected in vocabulary and analogies

Front 63

Fluid intelligence

Back 63

Ability to reason speedily and abstractly, solving logic problems

Front 64

Heritability

Back 64

Extent to which our intelligence test scores variability can be attributed to genetics