Psyc Exam 4

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Personality

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A pattern of relatively permanent traits, dispositions or characteristics that give consistency to an individual’s behavior

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Psychodynamic theory

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an approach to personality that focuses on how unconscious processes directly day-to-day behavior and affect personality formation.

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Oedipus Complex

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places responsibility for childhood sexual experiences on the child's fantasies rather than a parents or other adults behavior.

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Human experience takes place on three levels of consciousness, what are they?

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the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious, with the unconscious dominating the other two.

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Conscious

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the level of the mind that consists of those experiences that a person is aware of at any given time

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Preconscoius

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the level of the mind that contains those experiences of which a person is not currently conscious but may become so, with varying degrees of difficulty.

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Unconscious

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the level of the mind that consists of thoughts, urges, and memories that are not within a person's awareness.

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Id

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Freuds theory, the region of the mind that is the source of a person's instinctual energy and that works mainly on the pleasure principle. Energy is either sexual or aggressive. (seeks to maximize pleasure and obtain immediate gratification)

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Pleasure principle

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tries to maximize immediate gratification through the satisfaction of raw impulses.

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Ego

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region of the mind that seeks to satisfy the individuals instinctual needs in accordance with reality - the reality principle. Attempts to check the power of the id and delay gratification, acting as a manager adjusting cognitive and perceptual processes so as to control the id and keep the person in tough with reality.

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Superego

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third region of mind which embodies ideals and morals (what a person would ideally like to be and the conscience taught by parents and society). Tells a person not to do anything that would be pleasurable.

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Oral stage

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Freuds first stage of personality development, from birth to about age 2, during which the instincts of the infant are focused on the mouth as the primary pleasure center. Infant achieves gratification through activities such as feeding, thumb sucking and cooing.

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Anal Stage

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from about age 2 to about age 3, during which children learn to control the immediate gratification they obtain through defecation and to become responsive to the demands of society. The child learns to respond to some parental demands (ex bladder and bowel control)

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Phallic stage

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from about age 4 through age 7, during which children obtain gratification primarily from the genitals. The child experiences the Oedipus complex.

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Latency stage

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from about age 7 until puberty, during which sexual urges are inactive.The child continues developing but sexual urges are relatively quiet.

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Genital stage

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from the onset of puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved (during adolescence). The growing adolescent shakes off old dependencies and learns to deal maturely with the other sex.

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Penis envy

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freud that held when a girl realizes that she has no penis she develops the desire to aquire a penis.

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Castration anxiety

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the fear that the father will remove the boy's penis as a punishment

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Libido

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the instinctual (and sexual) life force that, working on the pleasure principle and seeking immediate gratification, energizes the id.

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Defense mechanism

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an unconscious way of reducing anxiety by distorting perceptions of reality

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Repression

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defense mechanism by which anxiety-provoking thoughts and feelings are forced into the unconscious.

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Rationalization

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defense mechanism by which people reinterpret undesirable feelings or behaviors in terms that make them seem acceptable. (a shoplifter may rationalize that no one will miss the things she steals or that she needs the things more than other people do.)

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Fixation

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An excessive attachment to some person, object, or behavior that was appropriate only at an earlier stage of development. (a person with an oral fixation continues to receive pleasure from talking, biting, drinking etc)

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Regression

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defense mechanism by which a person is driven to anxiety to return to an earlier stage of psychosexual development. (older children who suck their thumbs express their oral needs, despite having progressed far beyond this stage)

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Projection

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defense mechanism by which people attribute their own undesirable traits to others. (a person with deep aggressive tendencies may see other people as acting in a excessively hostile way)

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Reaction formation

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defense mechanism by which people behave in a way opposite to what their true feelings would dictate. (a person with a strong but unconscious hostile feelings for her boss may behave in a overly friendly manner to him/her)

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Displacement

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defense mechanism by which people divert sexual or aggressive feelings for one person onto another person or thing. (a woman who is mistreated by her boss may repress her hostility toward that person but take it out on her husband, children, pets, etc)

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Denial

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defense mechanism by which people refuse to accept reality or recognize the true source of anxiety. (a person with a drinking or drug problems may deny that these behaviors are causing problems

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Sublimation

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defense mechanism by which people redirect socially unacceptable impulses toward acceptable goals. (a man who has sexual desire for someone he knows is off limits (cousin) may channel that desire into working 14-hour days for his church) (only one that tends to benefit society)

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Alder and individual psychology

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people are motivated by natural feelings of inferiority, which lead them to strive fro superiority or success.

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Jung and Analytical Psychology

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Less emphasis on sex. Held that people are ultimately motivated to attain self-realization or perfection, but the journey toward self-realization is an exceedingly difficult one that includes many obstacles and several tests of courage.

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Collective unconscious

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a shared storehouse of primitive ideas and images (archetypes) that reside in the unconscious and are inherited from one's ancestors.

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Archetypes

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the inherited ideas and images that exist within the collective unconscious and are emotionally charged with rich meaning and symbolism.

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Shadow archetype

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the dark side of personality, represents those personal tendencies we find distasteful and attempt to hide from ourselves and others.

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Self archetype

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the archetype of completion and wholeness

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Trait

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any readily identifiable stable quality that characterizes how an individual differs from other individuals.

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Type

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A category or broad collection of personality traits that are loosely interrelated.

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Allport and disposition theory

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suggested that each individual has a unique set of personality traits known as personal dispositions.

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Free association

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psychoanalytic technique in which the patient is asked to report to the therapist his or her thoughts and feelings as they occur, regardless of how disorganized, trivial, or disagreeable their content may appear.

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Thanatos

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Freud's term for a subconscious desire for self-destruction--a secret longing to die--a death wish

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Cardinal traits

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are so dominant that a persons entire personality reflects that trait

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Central traits

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qualities that characterize our daily interactions.

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Secondary traits

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characteristics that are exhibited in response to specific situations (ex. xenophobia becomes obvious only when the person was approached by a foreign tourist seeking directions) They are more easily modified than central traits.

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Eysenck’s Factor Theory

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focuses on higher levels of trait organization or types. Each type incorporates lower level traits
Each trait incorporates lower level habits

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Extroversion-introversion

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extraverts are sociable and impulsive and enjoy new and exciting experiences.
introverts are unsociable and cautious, prefer routine activities and do not enjoy meeting new people.

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Neuroticisim-emotional stability

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neuroticism - peole are not necessarily pathological, but they have high levels of anxiety, tend to overreact emotionally, and have difficulty calming down.
emotionally stable - are able to control feelings and are often spontaneous, genuine, and warm.

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Psychotism-superego (tough-mindedness or tender-mindedness)

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psychotiscism - a person who is cold, self-centered, nonconforming, hostile, aggressive, and suspicious.
superego - tend to be altruistic, highly socialized, caring, cooperative, and conventional.

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The Five-Factor Model

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1. Neuroticism–Stability - worried or calm
2. Extraversion–Introversion - social or unsocial
3. Openness to experience - independent or conforming
4. Agreeableness–Antagonism - good-natured or irritable
5. Conscientiousness–Undirectedness - reliable or undependable

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Self-actualization (maslow)

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the realization of ones full human potential

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Self (Roger)

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the perception an individual has of him/herself and of his/her relationships to other people and to various aspects of life

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Self-concept (roger)

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how a person sees his/her own behavior and internal characteristics.

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Ideal self

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picture of what you would like to be

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Self-efficacy

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a person’s belief about whether she or he can successfully perform a specific behavior

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Projective tests

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assessment instruments made up of a standard set of ambiguous stimuli that are presented to examinees, who are asked to respond to the stimuli in their own way. They will uncover a person's unconscious motives, which direct his/her thoughts and behavior.

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Rorschach Inkblot Test (projective test)

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test taker sees 10 inkblots, one at a time. The blots are symmetrical, with distinct forms, five are black and white, two have some red ink, and three have various pastel colors. Test takers tell what they see in each design.

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MMPI (personality test)

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Personality test used to diagnose pathological problems. Consists of 576 true/false questoins that focus on the test takers attitudes, feelings, motor disturbances, and bodily complaints.

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Social Psychology

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the study of how individual thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by social situations.

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Self-concept

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what an individual knows and believes about himself or herself.

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Self-esteem

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how a person feels about himself/herself

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Attributions

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descriptions of the causes of behavior

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Internal attribution

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a description of the cause of a behavior as originating from within the person. (“That driver just cut me off. What a jerk!”)

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External attribution

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a description of the cause of a behavior as coming from events or situations outside the person. (“That driver just cut me off. She must be distracted.”)

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Self-serving bias

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people tendency to take credit for their successes but to blame others or the situation for their failures. (stronger in men than women and in western than non-western cultures)

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Fundamental attribution error

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the tendency to attribute peoples behavior to internal causes rather than to situational (external) causes.

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Actor-observer effect

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the tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal (dispositional) causes but to attribute ones own behavior to situational causes. (the side walk was bumpy and was the reason for falling but when a friend does the same thing you say they are clumsy.) Allow ourselves excuses that we do not extend to others.

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Cognitive dissonance

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a state of mental discomfort arising from a discrepancy between two or more of a persons beliefs or between a persons beliefs and overt behavior.

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Cognitive dissonance theory (festinger and carlsmith)

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predicts that when people experience conflict among their attitudes or between their attitudes and their behavior, they are motivated to change either their attitudes or their behavior.

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Aggression

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any behavior intended to harm another person or thing.

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Asch study

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studied conformity. found that if 6 people answered one way it would influence the next persons answer.

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Prosocial behavior

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behavior that benefits someone else or society

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Altruism

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behaviors that are intended to benefit another person or people. even at a cost to the person offering the assistance (Reinforcement may come from positive feelings, approval from others, or expectations of future help)

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Bystander effect

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the unwillingness to help exhibited by witnesses to an event, which increases when there are more observers

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Social facilitation

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a change in behavior that occurs when people are (or believe they are) in the presence of other people.

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Groupthink

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the tendency of people in a group to seek agreement with one another when reaching a decision, rather than effectively evaluating the options.

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Group polarization

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shifts or exaggerations in group members' attitudes or behaviors as a result of group discussion.

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Zimbardo and group behavior

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experiment that asked normal, well adjusted students to dress and act as prisoners and guards. Findings showed deindividuation where an individuals behavior in a group often becomes distorted, more extreme, and less rational; the group makes members feel less accountable for their own actions.

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Stereotypes

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fixed overly simple, and often erroneous ideas about the traits, attitudes, and behaviors of groups of people, based on assumptions that all members of a given group are alike.

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Prejudice

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a negative evaluation of an entire group of people, based on unfavorable stereotypes about the group.

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Milgram and obediance

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focused on the extent to which an individual will obey by a learning/shock experiment. Found that ordinary people were remarkably willing to comply with the wishes of others