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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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customs, beliefs, art and technology
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Culture
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US, Canada, Western Eucrope, Australia, New Zealand
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The West
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the West and Eastern countries passed through the industrial revolution, now based mainly on services and information
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Industrialized countries
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Culture that sets most of norms and holds most power
US- white/middle class |
Majority culture
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group of people who interact in the course of sharing a common geographical area
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Society
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based on stable traditions; value stability over change; usually found in pre industrialized countries
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Traditional Culture
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traditional; pre industrialized; becoming industrialized
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Developing Countries
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social class
-education level -income level -occupational status |
Socioeconomic status
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life occurs in stages
Infancy-birth-7 Childhood- 7-14 Adolescence- 14-21 |
Plato and Aristotle
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life-cycle service
apprenticeship-7 years gave opportunity to learn trades provided master with free labor |
Adolescence from 1500-1800
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1.Enactment of laws restricting child labor
Brown lung- cottong fibers Black lung- coal in their lungs 2. Laws required a longer period of schooling laws regarding child labor and school were a way to keep young people from earning their own wages and keeing them dependent on adults |
1890-1920
Intentionist View |
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founds study of adolescence
"Strum and Strang" & "Storm and Stress"-adolescene is a turbulant time chanrged with conflit and mood swings First book adolescence |
G. Stanley Hall
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each person reenacts the evolutionary development of the human race
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Recapitulation
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"Coming of Age in Somoa"
Cultural relativism-importance of social institutions/cultural factors in human development |
Margaret Mead
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adolescent generalizing gap-negative generalizations are based on small, easily visible percentage of adolescents
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Joseph Adleson
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3 main types of growth
-continuous -surgent -tumultous |
-smooth, nonabrupt change
-abruput spurt or changes in behavior, not necessarily with turmoil, storm stress -major interpersonal and emoitional distress |
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history, culture, and social factors such as family, school, peer groups, and communities (the setting in which development occurs)
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Context
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how national government influences welface of citizens(course of action)
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Social Policy
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low in treatment of children/adolescents, no health insurance, poverty, aging, under budgeted schools
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USA
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younger members of an aging society receive fewer resources than older adults
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Generational Inequity
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1. Health and Well-being
2. Gender 3. Family 4. School 5. Peers |
Impact of Culture
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change that ranges from conception to death
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development
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process of development
physical changes |
Biological
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process of development
changes in how an individual thinks |
Cognitive
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changes in how we deal with other people and experience emotions
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socioemotional
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behaviors that society believes is important for its maintenance/pepetuation
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social roles
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Periods of Development
Prenatal Period- conception to birth infancy- birth to 18-24 months early childhood- infancy to 5 or 6 middle and late childhood- 6 to about 11 |
Childhood
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to grow up
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adoare
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transition between childhood and adulthood
12/13-19/20 |
adolescents
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junior high years
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Eary Adolescence
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aboug high school through 20
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late adolescence
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twenties and thirties
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Early adulthood
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35 to 65
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Middle Adulthood
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65 until death
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late adulthood
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transitional period between adolescence and adulthood. Kenneth Kennison
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Youth
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approximately 18-25 years characterized by expermimental and exploration. Arnett
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Emerging Adulthood
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most important influence on development is biological
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Nature approach
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importance of environment
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Nurture approach
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development is gradual, additive- without sudden change
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continuity view
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development involves discontinous qualitative transformations
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Disconformity
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infancy especially important
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Early experience view
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early experiences no more important than later experiences
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later experience view
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logically related statements that explain past/predict future events
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Theory
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Development is mostly beyond consicous awareness; heavily infuenced by emotions
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Psychoanalytic Theories
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pleasure principle (only one we are born with) no contact with reality
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ID
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reality principle (no morality) try to satisfy the id within the confines of reality (follow rules of society)
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Ego
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moral principle
conscience- what we should not do ego ideal- things we should do (standards of right and wrong) guilty |
Superego
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Psychosexual Stages of Development- Freud
first year of life. thumb sucking; objectless; don't have conceptions of world Develop concent of mother as separate person |
Oral Stage
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idea you are suck in stage of development
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Fixation
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go back to earlier stage
ex. child when parents have new baby |
Regression
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ages 1-3
obsessed with pleasures of bowl movement |
Anal Stage
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generally messy people
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Anal expulsive
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order, neatness
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Anal compulsive
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ages 3-6
a. Boy Oedipus complex- wants to sleep with Mom; castration; anxiety; formation of superego b. Girls electra comlex- penis envy, weaker superego |
Phallic/Oedipal Stage
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Ages 6-11
Supression of aggressive/sexual feelings |
Latency Stage
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Puberty on. Sexual reawakening; separation from parents
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Genital Stage
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Never actually treated on a child.
Based on his theory of psychiatric populations. Too much emphasis on sex and violence Falsifiable- theory cannot be scientific if it does not admit consideration of possiblity of its being false |
Problems with Freudian Theory
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1st year. Most important- consistency, predictablity, and reliability in care takers actions
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Trust vs. Mistrust
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1-3. Trying to exercise sense of autonomy
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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
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Preschool. Child makes plans, sets goals, and preserves in attaining them
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Initiative vs. guilt
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elementary school. learning useful skills and tools of wider culture.
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Industry vs. Inferiority
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adolescence. Establishing an ego identity- who one is; one's place in the larger social order
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Identity vs. Indentity Confusion
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early adulthood. Intimacy
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Intimacy vs. Isolation
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Adulthood.
Generativity- creation of children/production of things and ideas through work |
Generativity vs. Stagnation
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old age (60+)
Life review- accomplishments, regrets Ego integrity- order to life, did best they could with their life circumstances |
Integrity vs. Despair
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Piaget's Cognitive-Development Theory
coordiante boyd activiy with outside world |
Sensorimotor Stage
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(2-7) When we learn how to speak
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Preoperational Stage
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start to use logic, but limited
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Concrete Operational
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(11+) More rational and logical thought
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FOrmal operational
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computer model- individuals manipulate info, monitor it, strateguze about it
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Information Processing THeory
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most important contributor to development is environemnt
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Behaviorism
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How stimuli affect behavior
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Pavlov's classical conditioning
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how rewards/ punishments affect probablity behaviors will be repeated
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Skinner's operant conditioning
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basic rules/terminology of behaviorism; adds inmitation/modeling
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Social Congitive Theory
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behaviors rooted in our evolutionary/biological backgrounds
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Ethological Theory
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setting in which individual lives
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Microsystem
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relationships between microsystems
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Mesosystem
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sometimes experiences in a social setting over which we have no control affect us
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Exosystem
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culture
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Macrosystem
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events/transitions in an individuals life; influence of social/historical trends
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chronosystem
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measure yields consistent results
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reliabilty
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every time you take they test you get about the same score
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test-retest reliability
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different people who score the measure would score in the same way for each person
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Inter-rater reliablitity
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measures what it claims to measure
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Internal Validity
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findings can be generalized to other people, situations, settings etc
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External Validity
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systematically observe; describe things as they happen
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Descriptive research
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study things in their natural environment
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Naturalistic observation
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people change their behavior when they know they are being observed
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Hawthorne effect
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when you spend a lot of time with people, usually living with them
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Ethnographic research
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participants given beeper that goes off randomly- at that time give snapshot of life
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Experience sampling method
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intense examination usually done a single person or small group of people
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case studies
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prediction; use it anytime it is unethical, illegal or impossible to indroduce a particular variable
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Correlational research
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degree of relationship between 2 or more variables
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Correlation Coefficient
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two variables change in same direction
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positive
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as one increases- other decreases
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Negative
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