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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cephalocaudal Development |
We grow from our head down to our toes |
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Proximodistal Development |
We grow from our chest out to our finger tips |
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What is the average weight and length for babies born in the U.S |
7lbs and 20 in |
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What is the average rates of growth during infancy |
1 inch every month |
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What does alteration refer to? |
specialization of function in one hemisphere or the other |
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What are some basic changes that occur in the brain during the first 2 years? |
use it or lose it- the more we use it the more it will grow, the ones we don't will go away myelin sheath grows |
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Why are infants so vulnerable when shaken? |
skull is still soft, neck muscles are not fully developed, and their heads are bigger |
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What can an adult do to avoid acting abusively towards a baby?
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walk away, take a breath, ask someone else to step in |
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How must sleep does a baby get a day? |
16-17 hours a day |
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How much REM sleep does a baby get? |
half the time they sleep is spent in REM |
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What is SIDS? |
sudden infant death syndrome, occurs when a infant stops breathing, usually at night |
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What can parents do to lower the risk of SIDS? |
baby sleeps in crib, baby sleeps on back, nothing in the sleep area, babes face is uncovered, no smoking around the baby, do not over heat or over dress, firm mattress, tight fitted sheet, and putting a fan on while baby is sleeping |
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benefits of great feeding |
most digestible, decrease in allergic reation, less likely to be obese, high IQ, lower SIDS risk, cognitive abilities |
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Benefits of bottle feeding |
prevents spread of disease |
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what are the nutritional needs of an infant? |
50 calories for each pound that they weigh and they need fruits and vegetables |
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what are some of the survival reflexes that babies are born with? |
breathing, blinking, sneezing, sucking, rooting, pupils |
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what are some of the primitive reflexes that babies are born with? |
plantar- touching palm of foot and toes curl in moro- extended arms and finger then curl up(startle reflex) Palmer- grabs around finger |
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give an example of both gross motor skills and fine motor skills |
gross motor skills-walking, sitting, pulling themselves up, standing alone, these skills involve large muscle groups fine motor skills- pincer grip-holding a fork or spoon and perceptual-motor coupling- coordinated grasping |
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basic milestones |
first word, learning to walk, sitting by themselves or with assistance |
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what is perceptual motor coupling |
coordinated grasping |
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vision at birth |
20/600, the goes to 20/40 at months and they can see like an adult at 1 year |
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taste at birth |
can taste 2 hours after birth and can tell the difference between sweet,sour and bitter |
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hearing at birth |
cannot hear soft pitches |
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smell at birth |
can smell the difference between people |
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what is the visual cliff and what does it examine |
it examines depth perception, at 3-4 months infants develop the ability to use binocular cues to perceive depth |
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give an example of classical conditioning in infancy |
a baby cries when they go to the doctor at 18 months |
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give an example of operant conditioning in infancy |
parents encouraging behaviors, clapping when they do something good |
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what did rovees-collier's research show? |
mobile string, was an example of operant conditioning |
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What is joint attention and how is it involved in socialization? |
we point at an object while talking about it too, this us how babies learn to get someones attention |
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at what age can infants show deferred imitation? |
9 months |
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at what age can infants imitate others? |
9 months |
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what are implicit and explicit memory? |
implicit- unconscious explicit- conscious |
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what is childhood amnesia? |
when we don't remember anything before the age of 5 |
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schemes |
actions or mental representations that organize knowledge |
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organization |
is the grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher order system |
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adaption |
assimulation- use old schemes to find new information accommodation- change schemes to represent new information |
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disequilibrium |
cognitive conflict, the child assimilates and accommodates to decrease conflict |
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equilibration |
mechanism by which children shift from one stage of thought to the next |
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what ages does the sensorimotor stage cover? |
0-2 years |
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what is the goal of the sensorimotor stage? |
intelligences evidenced by motor actions |
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what is the major accomplishment or milestone of the sensorimotor stage? |
for them to do things on their own |
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what is the a not b error |
the term used to describe the tendency of infants to reach where an object was located earlier rather than where the object was last hidden |
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how early do babies really show understanding of object permanence |
after 12 months |
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what are the key milestones in language development in the first year? |
crying( at birth), cooing/laughing(6 weeks), babbling (6 months), and gestures ( about 9-12 months) |
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when do infants typically say their first words |
10-15 months |
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when is the vocabulary spurt? |
18-24 months |
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what is telegraphic speech? |
short, precise words without grammatical markers |
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phonemes |
the basic sound units of language |
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What are examples of "overextension" and "under extension" in an infants's language? |
overextension- "all males are dad" underextension- " a teddy bear cannot be a doll" |
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what is the behavioral explanation of language development? |
acquired through reenforcement
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What is noam chomsky's explanation of language development? |
humans are biologically prewired to learn language |
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what is child directed speech? |
how we talk to children, simple words and high pitch |
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what are the 3 types of cries |
basic cry- rhythmic pattern anger cry- a lot more air forcefully pain cry- sudden loud then nothing |
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what is considered to be the best way to deal with a crying infant |
soothe them, helps them develop a sense of trust and secure attachment to the caregiver |
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what are the early types of smiles |
reflexive- at one month, not tied to external stimuli social- appear at two months, response to external stimuli |
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what are the 6 basic emotions |
surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust |
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when does fear begin to show and when does it peak? |
6 months and peaks at 18 months |
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what is stranger anxiety and when does it appear |
fear of strangers and it peaks at 6-9 months |
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what is separation protest and when does is appear |
they do not like being left alone and it peaks at 13-15 months |
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what is social referencing and give an example |
mother is freaking out so the child does too |
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what are the 3 broad categories of temperament and give an example of each |
easy children- do not get angry or anxious easy difficult children- intense with any situation slow-to-warm-up children- may be difficult in beginning but then they warm up |
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what is kagans concept of behavioral inhibition? |
unfamiliar activités invokes stress avoidence and subdued effect |
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what does goodness of fit refer to? |
fit between infant temperament and parent behavior toward and with the infant |
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according to erikson, what are the first two stages of personality development? |
trust vs mistrust and the importance of sensitive, responsive, and consistent care |
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when does an infant gain a sense of self? |
15-18 months- lipstick on nose test |
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harry harlow |
monkies whether they go toward food or comfort |
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john bowlby |
internal working model or attachment, can i depend on this person? |
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mary ainsworth |
strange situation |
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what is the secure base |
base of safety for exploration, usually the mother |
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what are the 4 qualities of attachment |
secure: use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment insecure avoidant- avoiding the caregiver insecure resistent- cling to the caregiver, then resist the caregiver by fighting against the closeness insecure disorganized- being disorganized and disoriented |
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does early attachment relate to later behaviors? |
yes it does such as independence, curiosity, and confidence |
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what is reciprocal socialization? |
childern do what parents do and vise versa |
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give an example of scaffolding between a caregiver and an infant |
infant experiences turn-taking with the parents, playing peek a boo, parents cover babies face first and then theirs |
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what are the most common contexts for infant care? |
day care, parent, relative, or nannies |
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do mothers and fathers parent differently? |
yes mothers play a managerial role while fathers play a play-centered role |
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What is the benefit of the father's involvement? |
they can act sensitively and responsively and it is beneficial |
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is day care a good or bad idea? |
it is a good idea |
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what are the essential qualities of a high-quality day care? |
pay attention to each infant, encouragement of sensorimotor exploration and language development, attention to health and safety, and well trained professionals |
