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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Paradox of Progress |
-technology provides time-saving devices. - people have big range of life choices. -too many choices creates mental dilemmas, creating stress. -technology provides us with more control of the world around us -Concluding, we are not necessarily healthier or happier. |
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Explanations of the Paradox of Progress |
Traditional sources of emotional security (family, community, & religion) have been lost. We are overwhelmed by rapid cultural change. Mental demands of modern life have become too complex. Materialism has weakened social ties, makes us insecure, and undermines our sense of well-being. |
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Adjustment |
the psychological processes through which people manage or cope with the demands and challenges of everyday life |
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Psychology |
the science that studies behavior and the physiological and mental processes that underlie it, and it is the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems |
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Shwartz view on choices |
-over amount of choices have unexpected costs. --with more vast complex decisions, more chance for error -alternatives increase potential for post-decicion regret & anticipated regret -leads to depression |
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Benefits of Advanced Technology |
-advances in agriculture increased food production -elaborate water supply systems made up tunnels, pipelines, dams, reservoirs, -progress in medicine, reattach limbs, reattach heart |
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Drawbacks of Advanced Technology |
-global warming -destruction of the ozone layer -deforestation -exposure of plants and animals to toxic chemicals |
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Little importance to Happiness |
-Money -Age -Gender -Parenthood -Physical Attractiveness -Intelligence |
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Somewhat importance to Happiness |
-Health -Social Activity -Religion -Culture |
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Very important to Happiness |
-Love marriage, and relationship satisfaction -Work -Genetics and personality (extraversion)
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Research on Happiness |
-Objective realities are not as important as subjective feelings ( i.e. your health is not as influential about how you feel about your health) -Everything is relative. ( i.e. you evaluate what you have relative to what people around you have -People are bad at predicting what will make them happy (i.e. we assume we know whats best) -People adapt to their circumstances (i.e. Hedonic adaptation) |
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Over learning |
continued studying of material after you have first seemed to master it |
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Hedonic Adaptation |
the mental scale that people use to judge the pleasantness-unpleasantness of their experiences shifts so that their neutral point, or baseline for comparison, is changed |
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Different ways to study effectively |
-Set up a Schedule -Find a place to concentrate -Reward your self |
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Cramming |
-Will strain your memorization capabilities and tax your energy level -stoke the fires of test anxiety |
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Stress |
any circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one’s well-being and thereby tax one’s coping abilities |
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Frustration |
occurs in any situation in which the pursuit of some goal is thwarted -experience frustration when you want something and you can't get it |
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Primary Appraisal |
initial evaluation of the relevance, level of threat, and degree of stress the event brings |
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Secondary Appraisal |
an evaluation of our ability to cope |
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Approach-approach conflict |
a choice must be made between two attractive goals
-least stressful (i.e. tennis or movie, pizza or burger) |
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Avoidance-avoidance conflict |
a choice must be made between two unattractive goals
-people delay decision to escape the conflict (i.e. painful backache or surgery) |
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Approach-avoidence conflict |
must choose whether or not to pursue ONE goal, which has both pros and cons
(i.e. date with an attractive person- rejection, new job in a city you hate) |
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Fight or Flight response |
a physiological reaction to the threat that mobilizes an organism for attacking (fight) or fleeing (flight) an enemy
-occurs in the bodes automatic nervous system
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Optimal levels of arousal |
As tasks become more complex, the optimal level of arousal (for peak performance) tends to decrease.
-level of arousal at which performance peaks -depends on the complexity of the task
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General Adaption Syndrome |
a model of the body's stress response, consisting of 3 stages, alarm, resistance, and exhaustion |
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Post traumatic stress disorder |
involves enduring psychological disturbance attributed to the experience of a major traumatic event Re-experiencing trauma by nightmares, flashbacks Emotional numbing, alienation, problems in social relations Elevated arousal, anxiety, and guilt |
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Psychosomatic diseases |
-genuine physical ailments thought to be caused in part by stress and other psychological factors
-High blood pressure -Peptic ulcers -Asthma -Eczema and hives -Migraine and tension headaches
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What protects people from stress & stress related illness ? |
post traumatic growth |
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Optimistic explanatory styles |
-attribute setbacks to temporary situational factors -general tendency to expect good outcomes
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Pessimistic explanatory styles |
blame themselves for failure |
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Coping |
efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress |
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Learned helplessness |
passive behavior produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events
-giving up when not really helpless |
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Defense mechanisms Aggression |
any behavior intended to hurt someone, either physical or verbally |
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Defense mechanisms Displacement |
Using a substitute target |
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Catharsis |
-behaving aggressively could get pent up emotion out of ones system -release of emotional tension
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Indulging yourself |
leads to poor impulse control -excessive eating, drinking, drugs, ext. |
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Constructive coping process |
refers to efforts to deal with stressful events that are judged to be relatively healthful -Confronting problems directly -Effort -Realistic appraisals of stress and coping resources -Learning to recognize and manage disruptive emotional reactions to stress |
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3 categories of constructive coping |
1. Appraisal- focused 2. Problem- focused 3. Emotion focused |
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Ellis's ABC model |
our appraisal (or beliefs about stressful events) is critical to the coping process |
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how exercise is beneficial to mental health |
-decrease in depression, anxiety, hostility -increases self-esteem and energy
-helps breast cancer survivors physically |
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Effective problem solving behaviors |
-Clarify the problem -Generate Alternative course of action -Evaluate your alternatives and select course of action -take action while maintaining flexibility |
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Procrastination |
delaying tasks until the last minute |
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Personality characteristic related to Heart disease |
Type A -anger and hostility |
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Type A |
-strong competitive orientation -impatience and time urgency -anger and hostility
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Why do people act in self destructive ways |
health impairing habits creep up slowly - people have a tendency to underestimate risks associated with their own health-impairing habits |
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Why is smoking detrimental |
Greater risk of premature death (13-14 years shorter life expectancy). cancers in the body. |
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Negative effects of alcohol |
-hangover -life threatening overdoses -poor judgment, reduced intellectual functioning -poor motor coordination -increased anger
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warning signs of alcoholism |
-preoccupation with alcohol -drinking to cover feelings -gulping drinks -personality changes after drinking -blackingout
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physical dependance |
exists when a person must continue to take a drug to avoid withdrawal illness (which occurs when the drug use is terminated) |
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psychological dependance |
exists when a person must continue to take a drug to satisfy intense mental and emotional craving for it |
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physically addictive drugs |
sedatives narcotics
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psychological addictive drugs |
stimulants weed ecstasy |
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self concept |
an organized collection of beliefs about oneself |
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actual self |
qualities people think they possess |
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ideal self |
qualities people would like to think they have |
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ought self |
qualities people think they should possess |
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self discrepancies |
mismatches between the actual, ideal, and/or ought selves |
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factors that contribute to a persons self-concept |
-feedback from others -social context -cultural values |
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Authoritarian parenting |
low acceptance, high control |
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Authoritative parenting |
high acceptance high control |
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Neglectful parenting |
low acceptance low control |
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Permissive parenting |
high acceptance low control |
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self efficacy |
one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes |
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self esteem |
ones overall assessment of ones worth as a person |
