Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
351 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
the elements that define brain training (2)
|
1) targeted practicing of a cognitive skill (attn, working memory)
2) over a set timeframe |
|
|
components of attention (3) (name, develpoment, where)
|
1) alerting, until adulthood, PFC, ACC
2) orienting, until 4 years, parietal and temporal areas 3) executive control, peak dev. at 4-7 years, PFC, ACC |
|
|
working memory important functions (3)
|
- keeping info for short term recall
- controls/monitors neural processing of conflict - impt for executive attn |
|
|
which NT (and attn network) has control over a child's behaviour at age 2?
|
ACh, orienting network
ex: a baby thats crying, you just show them something they like |
|
|
COMT
|
dopamine degradation gene
> one allele lead to impulse related disorders |
|
|
the n-back task
|
n is a ltter in a string of letters, the number n is repeated every nth letter, you see if someone can remember it, its a working memory task
|
|
|
DRD4
|
- children with 1 type of allele make your parenting have more of an impact
|
|
|
CHRNA4
|
-mediate the shift of behavioural control from orienting to exec
- one allele favours exec attn, another favour orienting |
|
|
ADHD (as related to attn)
|
- lower activity in PFC and ACC
- behavioural impairments in executive function |
|
|
case for 320k kindergarden teachers
|
- kids with better classroom environment in kindergarten did better when they were older
- standardized test scores higher - 320k more than the avg salary (highest performing students in that class) |
|
|
stronger effortful control impacts on school (3)
|
social competence
fewer bhevioural problems higher grades |
|
|
tools of the mind program (4 components, results, problems with study)
|
- in students with low SES status
- pretend play -external aids (ie. markers to know whos the speaker, whos the listener) -regulating behaviour of peers (ie. snitching kids out if they did wrong things) -private speech (telling themselves what the rules were) - roleplaying was done in pairs (they woudl switch between doing the activity and monitoring) - improved academics, lowered behavioural probs -problems: no matched controls (students from same school with low SES who were not in the program) |
|
|
brain training (where can you use it?) (3)
|
in schools (education)
as a medical method (ADHD, stroke, cog decline and dementia) as a lifestyle process (for enjoyment or personal dev) |
|
|
examples of brain training commercialized programs (4), which is validated??
|
LUMOSITY (for everyone)
TIMOCCO (rehab: webcam records child, they control a computer character like this) Posit Science (the elderly, driving simulations) COGMED (has some scientific validation, MW training) |
|
|
results from COGMED studies
|
- working memory can be improved
-you dont need a deficit for it to improve |
|
|
teach-the-brain study & findings (3)
|
- showed that the game showed shorter rxn time on ANT tests
- iproved on measures of interlligence - matured neural activation patterns (6yr olds had same as adults) |
|
|
fast forward program study and limitations (2 each)
|
for children
- enhance memory, focus, attn, and processing speed - have shown ACC increase & aud perception -no matched controls -published in non-peer reviewed journals |
|
|
ACTIVE / AKTIVA studies for elderly
|
ACTIVE study
- 5 year follow up -large scale RCT study AKTIVA - more holistic -taught participants of dementia risk factors, age related changes, etc |
|
|
AKTIVA study results
|
- old old gorup (75+) faster speed of info processing
-young old group - subjective improvement in memory |
|
|
Stroke rehab
|
- motor & cog impairments (attn and working memory) have been helped by training
- TMS has been able to help stoke patients recover some functionality in harmed side (excite lesioned, inhibit intact side) |
|
|
ACTIVE study results
|
- improvements in cog ability
- self reported quality of life |
|
|
neurofeeedback/ EEG biofeedback (therapy populatoins
|
- works for ppl with addiction, ADHD, elderly
- evidence for sustainability after training caveat: - conflicting evidence (placebo control groups looking at random patterns can still improve your cog abilities on tests) |
|
|
meditation training (types and results)
|
1) focused attn
2) mindfullness 3) open monitoring - better activation of exec attn network - and performance on sustain attn & conflict resoltion -changes happen fast (weeks) |
|
|
integrative body-mind training (attn state training) [what, results]
|
- many meditative techniques centred aroudn attn
- helped self regulation -hihger density of white matter - more attnl capacity/less stress, anxiety, depression,anger and fatigue - structural changes after only 11 hrs - behavioural changes after only 5 days |
|
|
mozart effect vs. playing a musical instrument
|
- thought to prime spatial activity networks (cause mozart's music is complex?)
- is a myth - listening to any enjoyable music temporarily improves your cog performance //// -long term, repertive practice -musicians show better auditory discrimination - improve in visuospatial working memory, (non)verbal reasoning, verbal memory, etc |
|
|
aerobic excersize impacts on cog function (children vs. elderly)
|
children
- math/academics improvement, more creativity, cog function, fluid intelligence ///// elderly - improvement on cog tasks |
|
|
attention restoration theory
|
- nature decreases cog load and can reboot exec function
- works even with photos - shows relief of ADHD - live close to nature growing up? better psychological state |
|
|
caveats of brain training studies (4)
|
- individual study limitations
- lack of consenses among scientists on how to do a study - research done by private companies - case studies are often used as evidence |
|
|
"putting brain training to the test" study
|
- online assessment
- reasoning games, non-reasoning games, control - concluded that brain training doesn't benefit gen. cog ability |
|
|
"putting brain training to the test" study caveats
|
- no quality control (ppl did from home)
- too few hours of training - participants were not representative of clinical pops (ie. were healthy people) - generalized results to ALL brain training |
|
|
statistical sign vs. clinical significance
|
statistical significance
- likelyhood that a result is real and not due to chance clinical significance - the practical relevance of a treatment - NNT, absolute risk reduction (ARR) - can be exclusive to each other |
|
|
efficacy vs. effectiveness
|
- we care about effectiveness more than efficacy
effectiveness: - programs response to clinical need - when condition is not too severe, attn and pos reinforcement might improve symptoms |
|
|
standard magnetic field for MRI scanners
|
3T
|
|
|
dyslexia, alexia
|
impaired ability to read, no ability to read
|
|
|
ataxia
|
cannot coordinate muscle movements
|
|
|
agraphia
|
inability to write
|
|
|
hypnotizability ___ with age,
|
decreases
|
|
|
Stroop effect is best characterized as _____ (top down/automatic)
|
automatic
|
|
|
akinotopsia
|
inability to perceive movement
|
|
|
how to defeat the Stroop test (2 ways)
|
- perform poorly on the control test
- young or people who dont have automatic reading |
|
|
Stroop in hypnosis experiment (describe, imaging)
|
- people under PHP told that words are not in English (they are)
- reduced automaticity on the Stroop test - dampening in early visual areas (less being processes), less activity in ACC |
|
|
brian areas in state maintenence
|
ACC & striatum
|
|
|
brian areas in state switching
|
insula
|
|
|
between warning and target CNV is _____
|
suppressed
|
|
|
alertness signal (neurotransmitter)
|
NE
|
|
|
meditation increases (3) properties in the brain
|
attn, self regulation, neuroplasticity
|
|
|
common misconceptions of what hypnosis is (9)
|
- hypnotist does the hypnotisizing (hypnosis is actually self-hypnosis)
- mind control -sleep - hypnosis will refresh memory of a witnessed crime - hypnotic age-regression - magnitude of forgetting is related to motivation to shut out traumatic material - you can be hypnotized against your will -hypnosis can turn you into an athlete, pianist, etc. -you loose your memory of hypnotic experience after you leave it |
|
|
Stanford vs. Harvard scales of hypnotizability
|
stanford: better, but takes a longer time, administered individually
harvard: shorter time and administered in a group |
|
|
why is fMRI not great to image hypnotic experience?
|
supine position in fMRI forces you to lay down
|
|
|
Stroop interference can be reduced by suggestion for colour-blindness (t/f)
|
false
|
|
|
automatic vs. controlled processes (4)
|
effortless, fast, involuntary, low attn netowrk use
controlled effortful, slow, voluntary, high attn network use |
|
|
semantic stroop task
|
- words are claimed to be gibberish but meaning is linked closelt to a colour, and then writen in another colour (ie. the word tomato written in blue)
|
|
|
flanker task
|
arrow shows up on left or right side of page, you have to say which way its pointing (incongruent trial: left side of page pointing right)
|
|
|
synesthesia under hypnosis (experiments)
|
- was lost if PHS has to do it, can be induced in non synesthes
- suggests that people are losing inhibitory regulatory cxns in hypnosis cause hyperexciting neurons is difficult in the middle of exam |
|
|
mcgurk under hypnosis (experiments)
|
- more autmoatic cause you can see it im primate and in babies
|
|
|
dewley ewin
|
surgeon who used hypnosis to slow/prevent burns
|
|
|
can we turn control tasks into auto control tasks using hypnosis??? (describe the 2 tasks)
|
*the diamond task used with difficult, but easy with a minor change, minimally influenced by practice, immune to strategies
- a PHS to see white occluders to complete the shape of the diamonds make them more successful at task 2. make things pop out easier in visual search with post hypnotic suggestion |
|
|
neurovascular coupling is the relationship between (2)
|
neuronal activity and change in CBF
|
|
|
MUA
|
- represents APs
- higher f - 1ms - represents output |
|
|
LFP
|
- represents PSPs
- lower f - 10-100ms single event duration -represents input + local processing |
|
|
mean extracellular potential is made up of
|
MUA + LFP
|
|
|
deoxyHB is para/diamagnetic oxyHB is
|
paramagnetic (some magnetic properties) oxy HB is dia (no magnetic properties)
|
|
|
deoxyHB goes up, BOLD signal goes
|
down
|
|
|
where is the origin of the BOLD signal that we measure???
|
veins, venules, capillaries (cause they have variable BOLD signals)
|
|
|
CMRO2
|
oxygen consumption
|
|
|
pericytes
|
cells that squeeze capillaries and could generate increased CBF during activiation
|
|
|
hemodynamic response
|
the change in deoxy-Hb
|
|
|
BOLD response reflects
|
input and local processing (LFP)
|
|
|
the functional architecture of the brain is ____ (similar/dissimilar) at rest and activation
|
similar
|
|
|
DMN is anticorrelated with
|
dorsal frontal attention network
|
|
|
functional role of spontaneious activity (5 hypotheses)
|
- An essential property of the neural architecture underlying
cognition. - Involvement in functionally relevant information processing. - A non-random, coordinated interaction of ongoing and evoked activity in perception and behavior. - Scanning of context possibilities, making it easier to lock on a concurrent ‘scene’ or stimulus. - Maintenance and enforcement of synapses as part of transforming short term to long term memory |
|
|
why lying down is a limitation for fMRI and suggestions (3)
|
- must lie does to do it (makes you drowsy, not your normal state for brain measurement, tools to control for hypdrostatic and postural differences in hemodynamics).
-rhyming smelling, emotions are stronger when lying down compared to standing up |
|
|
double dipping into imaging data
|
picking out the areas that respond, then measuring response strengths only in those areas
|
|
|
reverse inference (define, example)
|
inferring a mental state from activation of a brain region. mental states are probably based on patterns of activity
-ie. amygdala activation means anxiety. |
|
|
hwo to test if spiders create anxiety with neuroimaging
|
compare patterns created with spiders with patterns from other things that you know make people anxious
|
|
|
hyperscanning
|
the idea that people can interact with each other while they are in scanning machines
|
|
|
suggestion and attention have similar/disimilar anatomy
|
similar
|
|
|
hypnosis in culture
|
Meser: hypnosis was animal magnetism, 1 century later it was a pathology
|
|
|
the ego (psychoanalytic) represented as a brain function in cog sci would be:
|
the executive control functions
|
|
|
possible roles of the DMN (3)
|
- self-referential process
- introspection -ongoing consciousness and awareness (metawareness) |
|
|
spontaneous fluctuation of fMRI signals (amp, freq)
|
large amplitude, very LOW frequency (once every 10s)
|
|
|
anosmia
|
inability to smell, disanosmia can be causes by damage to the cribriform bone (nose)
|
|
|
anosognosia
|
inability to know what you know (ex: neglect)
|
|
|
movements in body that might impact fMRI signal (3)
|
swallowing, heart rate, CSF
|
|
|
theoretical limit to the speed of fMRI (what is is, whats it based on)
|
1s, its the fastest an atom can return to the field spin after radiofrequency blast
|
|
|
can fMRI do MRI??? vice versa??
|
yes, no
|
|
|
ERP :: EEG, fMRI :: _____
|
MRI (why?? no idea)
|
|
|
MEG operation requirements
|
- magnetically shielded room
-SQUID filled with liquid helium to get to absolute zero |
|
|
temporatal resolution MEG :: fMRI
|
MEG is 12 times better!
|
|
|
adv. of MEG to EEG (5)
|
1) much less noise made by instrument
2) no reference sensor needed 3) little change of mag field thru tissues 4) no reference sensor 5) less prep for subject |
|
|
adv. of EEG to MEG (4)
|
1) allows subject to move around
2) cheap 3) compatible with MRI |
|
|
epoch
|
area of interest around an event
|
|
|
how many MEGs in canada??
|
6
|
|
|
P1, N1, P2 or N400
|
the positive and negative components of an AP spike
400 - the time (ms) that the N occured at |
|
|
can MEG find source of epilepsy??
|
yes
|
|
|
state to state simulation (MEG)
|
the brain waves respond and the saem frequency or a harmonic of the flicker of an object in visual field
|
|
|
neurofeedback (ex)
|
uses real time displays of brain activity to allow subejcts to control/modify their behaviours (MEG providing feedback to people to change their motor movements)
|
|
|
ERPs (how to make them, what they represent)
|
- use EEG signal to overlap on itself over and over to avg neural activity, event related potentials are established
- they represent PSPs, cause surface recordings cant measure APs |
|
|
exogenous/endogenous component of ERP
|
P1 is exogenous, depends on a stiuli, P3 is endogenous and depends on the task (ie. is there even when stim is not present)
|
|
|
signal from which neurons does EEG measure??
|
cortical pyramidal cells
|
|
|
forward problem
|
that the ERPs spread laterally cause of resistence from medial skull, to distort the image is the fwd problem
|
|
|
EEG :: ERP as MEG::
|
ERMF
|
|
|
primary currents
|
the current inside the neurons (MEG is ebtter at measuring this than EEG)
|
|
|
MEG :: SQUID as EEG ::
|
electrodes
|
|
|
order in least to most expensive MEG, EEG, fMRI
|
EEG, MEG, fMRI
|
|
|
why use post hypnotic suggestion rather than hypnotic suggestion?? (2)
|
- hypnotic studies are not double blinded
-hypnotic studies are less clean |
|
|
Bates system
|
told people their vision will improve, they just interpret blurry images better
|
|
|
ingngruent - congruent = ____
neutral - congruent = _____ incongruent - neutral = ____ all three are called the ______ |
Stroop effect,
faciliation effect, inteference effect, chronometric assay |
|
|
HH have ____ executive attention (evidence)
|
high, did worse on stroop task in normal conditions than control people
|
|
|
gene linked with hypnotizabiltiy
|
COMT
|
|
|
development for the 3 attn networks
|
alerting: keeps developing into adulthood,
orienting: fully developed by 4 yrs, executive: peak development at 4-7yrs |
|
|
N-back task
|
a test of working memory, also used to identify constancy of synesthes
|
|
|
behavioural control as regulated by attn networks
|
under 4 = orienting network, older than 4 = executive network
|
|
|
# of head movements is a measure for
|
ADHD
|
|
|
exec attn and WM are not correlated (t/f)
|
false
|
|
|
hypnotic state relies on which attn system???
|
orienting
|
|
|
the type of medication used for ADHD
|
stimulants
|
|
|
Attention networks and their NTs
|
alerting: NE, orienting: ACh, exec:
|
|
|
how do we use attention to modify stress???
|
orienting and exec attn networks trap stress in the amygdala
|
|
|
ANT test for alerting, orienting and exec attn (the calculations)
|
RT - cueRT, cueRT - spatialcueRT, incongspaceRT - congspaceRT
|
|
|
nesting cup procedure
|
tests exec attn
|
|
|
what elements are needed for the illusion of free will?? (3)
|
priority - thoguht before the action, consistency - the thoguht must align with the action, exclusivity - there are no conflicting thoughts at the time of your action
|
|
|
hume's skeptical argument
|
causation cant be proved to exist because we have no evidence for it. only constant conjunction of two events. we cant SEE causation
|
|
|
the 3 problems of free will:
|
1) the god porblem: if god knows everything, then I cant influence what happen
2) space/time continuum - if time and space exist simultaneously, then the future already exists and i have no free will 3) deterministic laws - if the universe is based in deterministic laws then what is going to happen is already decided since the big bang, cause tis all just atoms interacting |
|
|
the god problem in nsci
|
-imaging whats going to happen in advance of it happening (ie. decision made by brain before decision made by you)
|
|
|
Swiss injection
|
distilled water that you tell them is real
|
|
|
think drink effect
|
what people think their drinking makes a bigger deal than what they actually are drinking
|
|
|
most medical treatments are completely bottom up (t/f)
|
false
|
|
|
it was common for physisicans to give placebos till the late 60s (t/f)
|
true
|
|
|
the larger the emotional repsonse associated with an event, the _____ (more/less) impact placebo has on a sham of the same thing
|
more
|
|
|
retrospective study
|
have data, try to draw conclusions from it
|
|
|
prospective study
|
have a hypothesis, collect data, try to collect info from it
|
|
|
4, 14, 24
|
unlucky numbers in mandarin
|
|
|
laplace's demon
|
an omniposcent intelligence that knows what hes going to do before he does it (god problem)
|
|
|
doing, but with no feeling of doing leads to
|
automatism
|
|
|
what is the purpose of the illusion of free will (2 ideas)
|
1)its an epiphenomenon (no purpose)
2)unconscious informs the conscious to satiate someone |
|
|
alternatives to wegners theory (2)
|
1) some brain state causes thought, and BS2.
BS2 causes action 2) some brain state causes the thought & the action, but at staggered times to create the illusion of causality |
|
|
two pictures of human beings (original problem of free will)
|
the thesis that we see ourselves as separate from our brains which are machines. so we have to negotiate that the brain is the same thing as us. so we have to accept ourselves as machines
|
|
|
muscles active in REM sleep (3)
|
- in your genitals
- eyes muscles - middle ear muscles |
|
|
lucid dreaming pros vs. cons
|
- for therapy
- cons: get addicted, lose touch with reality |
|
|
4 cardinal signs of parkinsons
|
rigidity, akinesia, loss of postural control, tremor
|
|
|
chorea
|
hands make dancing movements
|
|
|
hemiballismus
|
arm and leg on one side make rotary movements
|
|
|
meige/brueghel
|
odd movements of mouth
|
|
|
deep brain stimulation (for therapy, 3 uses)
|
- Parkinsons disease, OCD, depression
|
|
|
associative signs of parkinsons disease (4)
|
masked face, hands held higher than normal/rigid while walking, micrographia, overactive bladder
|
|
|
akinesia
|
poverty of movement
|
|
|
3 types of tremor
|
rest (tremor all the time), target, essential (is the most common movement disorder)
|
|
|
treatments for PD (4)
|
ablation drug to sub-thalamic nucleus (damges the system to right initial damage),
stem cells, deep brain stimulus, L-DOPA to increase DA activation |
|
|
dystonia
|
unpredictable stretching movements
|
|
|
athetosis
|
movements like swimming
|
|
|
4 characteristics of mindfulness
|
1) attention to the present
2) sensory awareness 3) exposure, reappraisal and release of emotion 4) changes in perspective on the self |
|
|
focused attention aka shamantha
|
sustained attn on an experiential object (ie. breath, mantra)
|
|
|
open monitoring aka vapassana
|
widening attention to the whole field of present experience
- changes baseline neural activity |
|
|
meditation benefits to attention
|
- reduced attnal blink
- improved sustained attn (boring task w/o impairment over time) |
|
|
making attn automatic with lots of medication
|
19k hours: putting in a lot of effort.
44k hours, reduction in activity: mind no longer wanders |
|
|
exec attn network activation vs. expertise
|
inverted U shape function
|
|
|
mediation and deautomatization (3 things it deautomatizes)
|
worrying, emotional reactivity, egocentric desire
|
|
|
wandering minds are (more/less) happy, aka _______, correlated with _____.
|
less, monkey mind. DMN activity
|
|
|
meta-awareness (what it is, relationship with mind wandering)
|
knowledge of contents of current thought, reduces mind wandering
|
|
|
self-projection
|
is a function of mind wandering. it is projecting yourself in the future or imagining yourself in other ppls shoes
- meditators show less of if |
|
|
alcohol and drugs effects on mind wandering
|
reduce likelyhood of noticing it
|
|
|
why does mind wandering decrease metawareness???
|
could be using the same neural areas (MPFC)
|
|
|
functions of mind wandering (4)
|
future planning, creativity, attentional cycling, dishabituation (from senses)
|
|
|
what advancement made TMS possible??
|
large capacitors which can store large amounts of current
|
|
|
TMS coil induces a current in in the brain, same/opposite direction
|
same direction
|
|
|
intensity of TMS is _______ to the distance
|
reverse square proportional
|
|
|
TMS hardware variables (4)
|
risetime (time for charge to build or go away), intensity, coil size and shape
|
|
|
TMS usage variables (6)
|
orientation, length, bending angle, distance from coil, resistance (hair/skull thickness), brain size
|
|
|
can TMS and fMRI be used together?
|
yes. for effective connectivity in two brain regions
|
|
|
cSP
|
cortical silent period, the time between the pulse and being able to contract muscle again (1 pulse above threshold and see how long it inhibits for)
**** tells you balance b/w excitability and inhbition in the an area |
|
|
single pulse TMS (uses, how)
|
for recording: latency and amplitude of EMPs), can find a motor threshold. hook up EMG to finger and stimulate over M1 finger area
|
|
|
what happens in neurons after a TMS pulse?
|
synch. activity in neurons leading to IPSPs from interneurons (50-250ms)
|
|
|
sICI (how to find it, what it tells you)
|
short interval intracortical inhibition. 1st pulse below threshold, 2nd one above threshold, see how much the second is reduced compared to a normal pulse. (1st one shrinks the 2nd one)
**** tells yo uthe # of inhibitory cxns |
|
|
Multiple Sclerosis and cortical excitabiltiy
|
MS makes cortex more excitable (ie. sICI is less). its a compensatory process: the brain decreases inhibition to deal with the disease, leads to hyperactivity
|
|
|
offline study
|
task after TMS stimulation
|
|
|
TMS train frequencies that reduce/increase excitability
|
reduce: 1Hz or less, excite: 10Hz or more
|
|
|
hemi neglect syndrome and rTMS
|
using TMS for temp lesion on the brain region not impacted by hemineglect, and original permanent neglect disappears
|
|
|
Broca's aphasia and rTMS (mechanism)
|
if broca's is lesioned, then the cells that inhibit the other side die. the other side has cells that inhibit broca. so the other side's inhibition takes over Broca's area
|
|
|
intentional and random physical phenomena (what the experiment tells us about frontal lobe lesions)
|
damage to frontal lobe might help people control their outside environment
|
|
|
amblyopia and TMS
|
high freq and low freq stim with rTMS can make improvement in seeing spatial frequencies, equates excitabiltiy in each eye
|
|
|
paired associative stimulation for stroke
|
MEP are timed to arrive at the same time as TMS, this increases activity in the region to help stroke
|
|
|
sandwich sham coil
|
for TMS, a sheet is put between the head and coil to prevent the pulse from reaching
|
|
|
things a control for TMS must mimic (5)
|
- what it looks like
- cutaneous sensation (a light tapping) - scalp and facial muscle twitch - bone conducted sound - air conducted sound |
|
|
REMP
|
-real EM placebo device
- real coil on one side, sham on the other side - best sham for TMS |
|
|
rTMS variables (5)
|
- intertrain interval
- total # of trains - train duration -intensity - freqnency |
|
|
TMS and epilepsy
|
low freq rTMS to suppress epilepsy
|
|
|
TBS
|
theta burst sequences (3x 50Hz pulses, repeated every 200ms)
|
|
|
iTBS
|
intermittenet theta burst sequences 10 bursts per 2 second train, pause 8 seconds, repeat x100
dont work and better or worse than high freq rTMS |
|
|
change in repsonse to baseline as stimulus is increased (TMS)
|
changes in response to baseline become more pronounced
|
|
|
low freq rTMS:: cTBS as high freq rTMS:: _____ controlled stim TMS::____
|
iTBS, imTBS
|
|
|
cTBS effect vs. low freq rTMS (3 points)
|
cTBS effect lasts longer, takes a shorter amount of time, safe effect
|
|
|
flow experience
|
being in the zone, atypical attn: peak performance, postive mood, centered in the present
|
|
|
open neuroscience movement
|
labs around the world make fMRI data public
|
|
|
hard problem of neuroscience
|
why do biological systems create consciousness???
|
|
|
neurophenomenology (what, how)
|
find out about ppls experiences rather than behavioural measurements (RT)
- how? gesture of awareness: suspend beliefs or theories about awareness |
|
|
how to communicate your experience (3)
|
- explain using learned info
- gain intimacy with your experience - use intersubjective validations for your descriptions |
|
|
ex of phenomenological research
|
hooked up to fMRI. told to press a button when they felt their mind was wandering. then you assume that there was MW both before and a bit after the button press. so you can see what MW looks like in the brain
|
|
|
neutral hypnosis
|
induction into hypnosis done but no suggestions given
|
|
|
attn :: priority visual acuity :: _____
|
quality
|
|
|
how to prove that fMRI contributes to our knowledge??
|
- must affirm or deny competing psychological theories
|
|
|
what amblyopia tauight us about paradoxical stimulation
|
the effects of rTMS are determined in part by the state of neural activation prior to stimulation
|
|
|
in TES where you try to cause exitation, the _____ soaked in _____ goes on the target area, and is ____ charged. it is the site of ______
|
anode, saline solutn, postiively, increased activity
|
|
|
advantages of TES to TMS (4)
|
- cheaper
- better sham condition - compatible with MRI - measures spontaneous firing rate rather than synchronous neural activity |
|
|
tRNS ________ excitability in an area
|
increases
|
|
|
tACS can be used to _________
|
train brain activation patterns into a certian rhythm
|
|
|
hidden paradigm
|
given a treatment without actually seeing it
|
|
|
drug effect
|
drug response - placebo response
|
|
|
placebo effect
|
placebo response - no treatment repsonse
|
|
|
mecanism of TES
|
- below threshold electrical currents increase the LTP in the brain increasing likelyhood of firing
|
|
|
neurochemical effects after tDCS
|
anodal: decrease in GABA, cathodal: decreases GABA and Glutamate
|
|
|
learnign and TES
|
increases motor, perceptual learning and numerical learning
|
|
|
depression and TES
|
didnt work to improve depression
|
|
|
hallucinations and TES
|
reduced hallucinations (long term up to 3 months)
|
|
|
TES and children for learing (3 ethical issues)
|
- unkown impact on brain development
-improvement at expense of other things?? - side effects may be different |
|
|
inducer & concurrent
|
inducer: usually text, concrrent: usually colour
|
|
|
mirror touch synesthesia
|
you feel like you are being touched when u see someone get touched
|
|
|
spatial sequence synesthesia
|
you see sequences as areas in physical space
|
|
|
two characteristics of synesthesia
|
automaticity and consistency
|
|
|
binding problem
|
how to integrate all the senses to perceive particular things as individual things
|
|
|
associators vs. projectors (synesthesia, different mechanisms)
|
(synesthesia)
associators - see it in their head.top down mechanism. projectors - actually see it on the monitor. bottom up mechanism. |
|
|
is synesthesia pre-attentive??
|
no, but happens quite early
|
|
|
how is further on the synestesia continuum??? (uni/bidirectionals)
|
bi
|
|
|
advantages in brain processing for synestheses. (casual or a side effect??)
|
colour discrmination, associative learning, tactile sensitively.
we dont know which!! |
|
|
serotonin agnoists _____ synesthesia
|
increase
|
|
|
hypothesis of synesthesia
|
1) defective pruning
2) invironmental influence 3) a genetic basis for better sensory processing leads to atypical concurrent processing, when match with learned associations, results in synesthesia |
|
|
neural mechanisms of synesthesia (disinhibition vs. cross-activation)
|
both are at play, strong evidence for disinhibition hypothesis from the quick impact of LSD
|
|
|
placebo NNT
|
8
|
|
|
roll of stamps test
|
put it on an erection, when it comes off in the morning young boys dont have problems with getting hard anymore
|
|
|
$ :: $$ placebo effect ::
|
larger placebo effect
|
|
|
benzodiapedenes
|
sleeping pills that work same as placebo
|
|
|
philipino psychic surgeons
|
reach into your body and pull out foreign objects, this is a placebo treatment
|
|
|
meaning effect
|
if you dont pay, you dont appreciate
|
|
|
diffusion co-efficient is ____ in tissue compared to open water
|
low
|
|
|
fractional anisotropy
|
the amount that water molecules are polarized in their diffusion movement.
|
|
|
the diffusion tensor (what it is, what it tells you 3)
|
allows us to add up all the ellipses of water distribution in diff areas. direction of principle eigen vector is the area where diffusion is maximal
-anisotropy index, mean diffusivity, RGB plots |
|
|
diffusion MRI tractography
|
use math to infer global tractography (complete the illusory contours)
|
|
|
mean diffusivity
|
(dark = low diffusion), (light = high diffusion
|
|
|
RGB plot
|
uses RGB to indicate the direction of diffusion scaled by FA
|
|
|
orientation distribution function & HARDI
|
tells you the probabiliy of water displacements . high angular resolution diffusion imaging allows you to image even with crossing fibres
|
|
|
diff. MRI tractography :: DTI as HARDI :: ______
|
QBI
|
|
|
b value in diffusion weighted MRI
|
tell you the magnitude of the diffusion weighting
|
|
|
higher b, ____ signal attenuation
|
more
|
|
|
klinger method
|
used to image tractography after death (cut away the cortex)
|
|
|
tract delinieation (5 steps to editing the final image to get rid of false positives)
|
1) make a FA threshold
2) only look at regions of interest 3) exclusion masks 4) curvature constraints 5) other criteria (ie. tract length) |
|
|
probabilistic tractography
|
- indicate by colour the certainty of different tracts (but show them all)
|
|
|
techniques for tract delinieation (3)
|
1) define using fMRI activations + DTI (ie. image both white and grey matter)
2) population atlasto automatically group them (not for use with pathology) 3) manual grouping (using the constraints we discussed) |
|
|
tractography limitations (3)
|
- false postiives/false negatives
- changes in connectivity must be interpreted with care - no distinction between affert/efferent or mono/multisynaptic cxns |
|
|
diffusion imaging and stroke (2)
|
MD goes down, cause swelling increases
FA goes down in chronic stroke (wallerian degeneration) |
|
|
MS and diffusion imaging (2)
|
reduced FA, increase in MD (general degredation)
|
|
|
diffusion imaging and epilepsy (2)
|
decreased FA and tract volume
|
|
|
Cancer and diffusion imaging (3)
|
MD higher in tumours
- can examine where tracts go into tumour or around (displacement or infilteration) - MD is lower in radiation damaged tissue (helps u evaluate the treatment) |
|
|
Dyslexia and diffusion imaging (1)
|
decreased FA in temporoparietal areas
|
|
|
if myelin is thick, g ratio is ______
|
lower
|
|
|
what about MRI speed makes diffusion imaging possible
|
speed that water difusses axross an axon is the same as the max speed of MRI
|
|
|
publication bias/file drawer effect
|
when a study doesnt show postiive results then its not published
|
|
|
aging and mean diffusivity
|
MD goes up with age cause brain matter atrophies
|
|
|
heat's effect on mean difussivity in the brain using diffusion imaging???
|
it doesnt get hot enough to have an impact (it would need to get really hot, radiowaves in MRI machine would become microwaves)
|
|
|
combining DTI with other imaging modalities
|
cant do them together at EXACTLY the same time, though you can combine results one after the other
|
|
|
blinding difficulty for deactivation (tDCS vs. tRNS vs. rTMS)
|
rTMS > tDCS > tRNS
|
|
|
verum
|
the true treatment, in contrast to placebo. implies that placebo is a fake treatment
|
|
|
inactive, non specific, noise,
|
things that placebos are called that they actually arent
|
|
|
subjective outcomes, illness (and not disease),
|
thigns that placebos are associated with that are not for sure true or false but give placebos a bad name
|
|
|
cholecytokinin
|
increases the nocebo effect in pain
|
|
|
gestalt shift
|
used to describe the acceptance of placebo in medicine
|
|
|
dopamine and endogenous opiods
|
increase the placebo effect in pain, respiratory depression, and cardiovasular system
|
|
|
chinese acupunture showed better results than sham acupuncture (t/f)
|
false
|
|
|
how to determine placebo of clinical interaction???
|
open treatment response - hidden treatment respose
|
|
|
proglumide
|
enhances expectation pathways that placebos act on (placebo effect is stronger)
- only works in open treatment |
|
|
can you see intracorticl white matter connections using DTI???
|
no
|
|
|
IBMT and DTI
|
- increased FA around ACC from increase in myelin and increase in white matter
- short term IBMT increased white matter but not myelin - increae in mood - increase in ablilty to resolve conflict in cog tasks |
|
|
neuroarcheology
|
using characteristic FA to determine the age of some connections, etc
|
|
|
SSRIs and placebos are clinically ______ , and statistically ______
|
the same, SSRIs are better
|
|
|
caveat to statistical significance
|
anythign can be statistically significant if you have a large enough sample
|
|
|
kirch's paper on placebo treatment for depression had impact in (europe/US)
|
europe
|
|
|
SSRE
|
new gen antidepressants, on part with placebos
|
|
|
the balanced placebo design
|
compares 2x2 box with info:
- either say you give something and give it, or say you give something and give the other (either drug or placebo) - this is a good deisgn to test effectiveness - but the second condition is unethical |
|
|
stanford vs. harvard scales
|
- indidviudal (slower, but no group think)
vs. - group (faster, shorter test, and more group psychology) |
|
|
duck doing the egg roll back into its basket
|
automatic process but not fast or effortless
|
|
|
people tried to train hypnotizability
|
it turned into attention traning
|
|
|
teaching-to-task
|
a critiscism that something learned is not generalizable. ie. attn training cant be used for things other than the tasks you trian on
|
|
|
more likely to lucid dream when we sleep (lightly/deeply)
|
lightly
|
|
|
connection b/w movement disorders and sleep
|
sleep problems before movement disorders
|
|
|
clinical use of lucid dreaming
|
to get people to fight their fears in their dreams
|
|
|
is lucid dreaming a controlled process???
|
semi-voluntary, semi-automatic
|
|
|
suggestion by therapists sometimes resulted in:
|
sexual assault memories being invented
|
|
|
un-ring the bell
|
regain control over an automatic process
|
|
|
active placebos vs. inert placebos
|
active placebos mimic the drug's side effects
|
|
|
does hpnotizability predict who is a good placebo responder???
|
not perfectly, but a bit, yes
|
|
|
washout technique
|
to get rid of placebo responders in drug trials
|
|
|
Kirtsch thoughts on hypnosis and suggestion
|
that hypnosis is a form of suggestion
|
|
|
carelton scale
|
skips hypnosis, is a scale only for suggestion
|
|
|
falsifiability criterion
|
the fact that something isnt science if it cant be proven false
|
|
|
misdirection
|
the diversion of attn away from the method of magic
|
|
|
physical misdirection
|
attnal control via stimulus properties. create areas of high interest, the actions are carried out in areas of low interest
ex: audience looks where magician is looking |
|
|
physical misdirection :: exogenous control as psychological misdiretion :: ___________
|
endogenous control
|
|
|
psychological misdirection
|
control spectator attn by manipulating their expectations, ie. make them used to you reaching in the pocket or increase suspense
|
|
|
false solution
|
presented by the magician to divert attn from the real solution
|
|
|
Einstellungs effect
|
once an idea comes to mind alternatives are not considered
|
|
|
optical/cognitve illusions (examples)
|
Pepper's ghost illusion/vanishing ball
|
|
|
physical force (magic)
|
- physically limiting the options available (i,e. only revealing 8 out of 52 cards
|
|
|
mental force
|
-using understanding of the person's thinking to limit the options available showing certain cards for longer when you ask the person selecting to choose 1
|
|
|
forcing
|
giving someone the illusion of control when really, you pre-determine what they get
|
|
|
attention (where it is in visual space)
|
a few saccades ahead of the eyes
|
|
|
inattentional blindness
|
when people are preoccupied with an attentionally demanding task, then they fail to notice something that appears at foveal fixation
- fixation and attn can be dissociated |
|
|
change blindness
|
dont see changes in your environment cause you keep being distracted
|
|
|
detecting a the magic trick depends on how far your eyes are from the method (t/f), implications
|
false, covert attn was maniulated
|
|
|
detecting a magic trick depends on your prior knowledge of whats gonna happen in the trick (t/f)
|
true, they kept a closer eye on the cigarette
|
|
|
postdrop oculomotor behaviour indicates whether participants saw the trick (t/f)
|
true
|
|
|
4 principles of bioethics
|
-autonomy
-beneficence -non-malfeasance -justice |
|
|
expectancy effect
|
expect that a condition X will lead to Y, then you feel Y
|
|
|
mentalism
|
a type of magic that has the appearance of a deeper psychological understanding of someone
|
|
|
how to prioritize autonomy with malfeasance
|
tell people about the placebo/nocebo effect, explain what it is, and tell them they can control it
|
|
|
informed consent (the elements)
|
-must be competent
- no deception info of treatment, benfits and risks, alternative treatments |
|
|
nuremburg code
|
bioethics after ww2
- first is voluntary consent |
|
|
optical illusion vs. visual illusion
|
visual illusions happen cause of the brain, the optical illusions happen cause of physical properties of light
|
|
|
bending spoon
|
due to endstopping neurons
|
|
|
retention of vision vanish
|
the image after effect that persisits after an image leaves the visual field
|
|
|
space warp
|
due to motion afteeffects
|
|
|
covert vs. overt misdirection
|
the magisican draws attn away, vs. the magician draws the vision away
|
|
|
vanishing ball illusion
|
covert attn follows the "ball" on the last toss but the eyes stay focused on the hand (shows that oculomotor system was not fooled)
|
|
|
contrast-gain control vs. contrast-gain adaption (examples)
|
contrast gain control - perceived contrast of a stim is affected by the contrast of surrounding stimuli
contrast gain adaption - perceived contrast of a stim is affected by that of a preceding stim (ex: squeeze a wrist while the watch is still on) |
|
|
misinformation effect
|
presenting past events in a certain bias to influence the way info is stored in memroy
|
|
|
tamariz theory of false solutions
|
magician closes the door on all possible tricks
|
|
|
choice blindess
|
make a choice then its not the one you picked and you confabulate to justify it
|
|
|
ASD children are not fooled by the dissapearing ball trick (t/f)
|
false, they are even more fooled than typically developing children
|
|
|
why couldnt ASD children fixate the ball??
|
might have problems in rapidly allocating attention
|
|
|
attn networks during magic tricks (what they do)
|
-orienting: is going all over the place
- alerting: system is being compromised by habituation -exec attn: interruption is an impt concept |
|
|
concepts that apply to serious magic tricks:
|
timing, confusion, misdirection, pattern, orienting
|
|
|
fNIRS advantages
|
cheap, portable, but as good as fMRI at imaging deep brain structures
|
|
|
ACC is interface between which two networks???
|
emotional and attentional
|
|
|
ext stimuli not present, feeling of knowing it is
|
hallucination
|
|
|
external stimuli present, feelings ok knowing it ISNT
|
OCD
|
|
|
yadasentinence
|
the feeling of knowing
|
|
|
security motivation system
|
is faulty in ppl with OCD
|
|
|
astereognosis
|
cant recognize the form of something by touch (feeling a key, cant tell what it is)
|
|
|
a-not-B
|
cant attend to a place they didnt first attend to cause of exec control underdevelopment
|
|
|
animal hypnotism
|
get predators to leave them alone
|
|
|
anomia
|
cant find the right word
|
|
|
dysarthia
|
difficulty articulating words
|
|
|
finger agnosia
|
cant name or recognize the fingers
|
|
|
tell the impact of each palcebo pill colour:
red, blue, green, yellow, white |
stimulant, depressant, axiolytic, antidepressant, antacid
|
|
|
therapeutic ritual
|
watchign someone else experience the effects of the drug
|
|
|
fluoxteine
|
shown to be safe, not neccessarily effective at treating CAD. but waht about for developing kids??? could cause emotional problems as adults
|
|
|
antidepressants are sometimes more effective as _______
|
anxiolytics
|
|
|
more severe depression, drugs work better than for moderate depression (t/f)
|
false, but it works better than placebo (because placebo decreases, not cause medicine gets better)
|
|
|
method of loci/memory palace
|
committing things to memory using spatial locations in your mind
|
|
|
REM sleep and placebo repsonse
|
less REM sleep showed more placebo analgesic response the next morning
|
|
|
sleep and new expectations
|
sleep helps create new expectations
|
|
|
less REM, impact on anxiety
|
less REM, less anxiety
|
|
|
tics and brain activation from tourettes syndrome
|
more tics, more frontal lobe activation
|
