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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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personality development |
the continuities, consistencies, and stabilities in people over time AND the ways in which people change over time |
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rank order stability |
the maintenance of individual position within a group |
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mean level stability |
if the average level of liberalism or conservatism in a group remains the same over time, the group exhibits high mean level stability |
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mean level change |
if the average degree of political orientation changes (if people tend to get increasingly conservative as they get older), then that population is displaying mean level change |
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personality coherence |
changes in the manifestations of a trait ex: dominance 8 yr old --> showing toughness in a rough and tumble time, calling their rivals "sissies" and insisting on monopolizing computer games 20 yr old --> persuade others to accept their views in political discussions, boldly asking someone out on a date, and insisting on the restaurant at which the group will eat |
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temperament |
the individual differences that emerge very early in life that are: -likely to have a heritable basis -often involved with emotionality and arousability |
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stability of temperament during infancy: 6 factors of temperament |
1. activity level (overall motor activity) 2. smiling and laughter 3. fear (reluctance to approach novel stimuli) 4. distress to limitations (ie: refused food, being confined, or prevented access to a desired object) 5. soothability 6. duration of orienting |
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longitudinal studies |
examinations of the same groups of individuals over time costly and difficult to conduct |
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actometer |
a recording device attached to the wrists of the children during several play periods used in Block & Block Longitudinal Study |
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stability coefficients |
the correlations between the same measures obtained at two different points in time (also sometimes called test-retest reliability coefficients) |
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validity coefficients |
the correlations between different measures of the same trait obtained at the same time (ie: look at actometer and teacher ratings of behavior/personality) |
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-conclusions about validity and stability- |
1. actometer-based measurements of activity level have significant positive validity coefficients with the judge-based measurements of activity level (cross validate each other) 2. activity level shows moderate stability during childhood (more active kids tend to be more active, even as they age) 3. the longer the time between testings, the lower the stability coefficients |
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self-esteem |
the extent to which one perceives oneself as relatively close to being the person one wants to be and/or as relatively distant from being the kind of person one does not want to be, with respect to person-qualities one positively and negatively values |
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personality change |
two defining qualities: 1. the changes are typically internal to the person (not merely changes in the external surroundings; ie: walking into a new room) 2. the changes are relatively enduring over time, rather than being merely temporary |
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levels of analysis |
1. population level 2. group differences level 3. individual differences level |
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1. population level
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deals with the changes and consistancies that apply more or less to everyone ex: Freud psychosexual development - theorizes all people go thru an invariant stage sequence, starting with the oral stage and ending with the mature genital stage |
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2. group differences level |
some changes over time affect different groups ex: sex differences - physical development ex: as a group, men and women develop differently from one another during adolescence in their avg. level of risk taking ex: women develop stronger awareness and understanding of others' feelings |
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3. individual differences level |
individual differences in personality development |
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individual differences in personality... |
--emerge very early in life --these that emerge early tend to be moderately stable over time --stability coefficients gradually decline over time |
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Rank Order Stability in Adulthood "When does personality consistency peak?" Roberts and DelVecchio results |
1. personality consistency tends to increase with increasing age (+.47 as a teen, +.57 during twenties, +.62 during thirties) 2. personality consistency peaked during the decade of the fifties (+.75) [as people age, personality appears to become more and more 'set'] |
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Mean Level Stability in Adulthood |
Openness, Extraversion, and Neuroticism gradually DECLINE with increasing age until around 50
Conscientiousness and Agreeableness gradually INCREASE over time (little change is going on, but that doesn't mean no change) |
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Mean Level Stability in Adulthood: Longitudinal Study |
Neuroticism and Negative Affect decrease from adolescence to midlife (feel less anxious, distressed, and irritable) Emotional stability increases from middle adulthood to older age |
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emotional stability |
more stable for men and women over time largest changes occurring between ages 22-40 |
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perceptions of personality change (by oneself) show... |
moderate correspondence with actual personality change |
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summation of mean level personality changes (as per the longitudinal researchers) |
"the personality changes that did take place from adolescence to adulthood reflected growth in the direction of greater maturity; many adolescents became more controlled and socially more confident and less angry and alienated"
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___________ occur with age |
predictable changes |
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changes in self-esteem from adolescence to adulthood |
--transition of this time period seems to be harder on women than on men --females tend to decrease in self-esteem, showing an increasing gap between their current self-conceptions and their ideal selves |
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autonomy, dominance, leadership and ambition (men, in their 20s and then in their 40s) |
Ambition: steep decline
Autonomy, leadership motivation, achievement and dominance: ALL INCREASED |
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sensation seeking scale -- 4 subscales |
1. thrill and adventure seeking ("i would like to try parachute jumping") 2. experience seeking ("i like to have new and exciting experiences even if they're a little scary") 3. disinhibition ("i like wild, uninhibited parties") 4. boredom susceptibility ("i get bored seeing the same old faces") |
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sensation seeking _____ w/ time |
decreases
(people become more cautious and conservative) |
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femininity -- high score characteristics |
-dependent -emotional -feminine -gentle -high-strung -mild -nervous -sensitive -sentimental -submissive -sympathetic -worrying |
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masculine -- high score characteristics |
-aggressive
-assertive -boastful -confident -determined -forceful -independent -masculine -strong/tough |
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femininity group level change |
consistent drop in femininity as they moved from their early forties to their early fifties (sample of educated women) |
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CPI independence scale |
measures 2 related facets of personality: 1. self-assurance, resourcefulness, and competence 2. distancing self from others and not bowing to conventional demands of society |
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independence and traditional roles -- 4 groups of women |
1. homemakers (marred + kids) 2. neotraditionals (working mom) 3. divorced mothers 4. non-mothers |
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independence and traditional roles - longitudinal study results |
divorced, non-mother, and working moms: independence scores increased significantly over time homemaker: |
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cohort effects |
the social times in which an individual lives (changes due to the social climate rather than due to true personal change) ex: assertiveness of women changed radically depending on the cohort |
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personality coherence |
predictable changes in the manifestations or outcomes of personality factors over time, even if the underlying characteristics remain stable |
