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152 Cards in this Set
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- 3rd side (hint)
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________ is the ability to see the details of objects.
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Acuity
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Jeana Potter
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___________ are the eye muscles that control the shape of the lenses.
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Ciliary Muscles
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Jeana Potter
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____________is the ability to detect the presence of dimly lit objects.
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Sensitivity
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Jeana Potter
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What are Cones?
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the visual receptors in the retina that mediate high-acuity color vision in good lighting.
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Jeana Potter
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__________is the rapid movement of the eyes between fixations.
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Saccades.
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Jeana Potter
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What involves only one eye?
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Monocular
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Jeana Potter
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What is color consistency?
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The tendency of an object to appear the same color even when the wavelengths of light that it reflects change.
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Jeana Potter
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________the procedure used to map scotomas.
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The Perimetry test
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Jeana Potter
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_________ is having a scotoma covering half of the visual field
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Hemianopsic
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Jeana Potter
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__________ is an inability to consciously recognize sensory stimuli of a particular class hat is not attributable to sensory deficit or a verbal or intellectual impairment.
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Agnosia
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Jeana potter
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What is sensation?
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the process of detecting the presence of a stimuli
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Nicole Stout
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What is acuity in vision?
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the ability to see the details of objects
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Nicole Stout
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What is rhodopsin?
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the photopigment of rods
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Nicole Stout
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What are the 2 types of photoreceptors?
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rods and cones
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Nicole Stout
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What is parallel processing?
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simultaneous analysis of a signal in a different ways by the multiple parallel pathways of neural network
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Nicole Stout
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What are the largest and most deeply positioned receptors?
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Pacinian Corpuscles
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Nicole Stout
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The identification of objects by touch is called?
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Stereognosis
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Nicole Stout
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What are the three somatosensation systems?
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Exteroceptive system, proprioceptive system, interoceptive system
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Nicole Stout
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How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
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31
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Nicole Stout
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How many ascending pathways to the brain?
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2
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Nicole Stout
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What five layers of the different types of neurons is the retina composed of?
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receptors, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, retinal ganglion cells
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Diana Dukovcic
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Through what two major pathways does somatosensory informtation ascent, from each side of the body to the human cortex?
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the dorsal-column medial-lemniscus system and the anterolateral system
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Diana Dukovcic
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What are the three phases of energy metabolism?
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the cephalic phase, the absorptive phase, and the fasting phase
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Diana Dukovcic
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What nerve ending is responsible for localized, sharp, and distinct pain?
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A-Delta Fibers
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Kanon Peterson
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What nerve ending is responsible for Diffuse, Burning, and aching pain?
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C Fibers
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Kanon Peterson
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If an inhibitory interneuron neuron is activated what happens to the pain signal headed towards the brain?
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It is Inhibited
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Kanon Peterson
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Motor output is guided by sensory imput from what?
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1. accurate body map/homunculus
2.Inhibitory feedback from muscles and joints 3.Visual input |
Kanon Peterson
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Which is it more likely to have multiple receptors cells bound to the retinal ganglion cell? Rods or Cones?
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Rods, via multiple bipolar cells
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Kanon Peterson
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What is the lowest level in hierarchical organization of the sensory system?
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Sensation - detecting a stimuli.
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Alaina Florez
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What is the highest level in hierarchical organization of the sensory system?
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Perception - understanding a stimuli.
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Alaina Florez
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How should you think of your senses instead of thinking in terms of having 5 senses?
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You should think of yourself as having multiple sensory modalities, which tells you that you have multiple types of environmental and physical energy that you are able to process.
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Alaina Florez
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What are some general characteristics of all sensory modalities?
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Sensation, Signal Reception, Transduction, Integration, Adaptation, Amplification, and Targets.
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Alaina Florez
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What results are caused by damage to tactile sensory system?
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Damage to peripheral receptors - Peripheral Neuropathy: Loss of senstaion. Damage to spinal cord - Paralysis and loss of sensation below the level of injury. A dysfunction in the perceptual process can provide a sensory deficit or an apparent sensory deficit in the absence of sensory dysfunction.
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Alaina Florez
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Where does the posterior parietal association cortex receive input/organizes information from?
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Somatosensory Cortex, and the Temporal and Occipital Lobes.
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Alaina Florez
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What is the hierarchical organization of the sensation and perception system?
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Association Cortex, Secondary Sensory Cortex, Primary Sensory Cortex, Thalamus, Receptors.
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Alaina Florez
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What are the two association cortices with respect to the sensation and perception system?
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Posterior Parietal Association Cortex and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Association Cortex.
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Alaina Florez
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What are the sensory cortices with respect to the sensation and perception system?
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Primary Visual, Primary Auditory Cortex, Primary Motor Cortex, Somatosensory Cortex.
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Alaina Florez
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What does the dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex initiate? And where does the DPAC output to?
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Initiates complex voluntary motor responses. Output to - Primary Motor Cortex, Secondary Motor Cortex, Frontal Eye Field, Basal Ganglia.
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Alaina Florez
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What are parvocellular layers composed of, responsive to, and what provides the majority of the input?
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composed of small bodied neurons, responsive to color, and cones.
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Caleb Evans
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What are magnocellular layers composed of, responsive to, and what provides the majority of the input?
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composed of large bodied neurons, responsive to movement, and rods.
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Caleb Evans
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What is very important about color constancy?
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It is the tendency for an object to stay the same color despite major changes to the wavelengths of light that it reflects.
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Caleb Evans
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What information does the anterolateral system carry?
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Pain and temperature.
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Caleb Evans
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What is a reflex that is elicited by a sudden external stretching force on a muscle?
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Stretch Reflex.
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Caleb Evans
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What is sensation?
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the ability to detect stimuli in the environment.
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Melissa Allbee
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What is perception?
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the ability to form a useful internal representation from sensation.
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Melissa Allbee
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What are the steps of Sensation?
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1. Signal Reception
2. Transduction 3. Integration 4. Adaptation 5. Amplification 6. Target |
Melissa Allbee
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What are the photoreceptors and what stimulates them?
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Cones: color, bright light
Rods: white/black, dim light |
Melissa Allbee
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What are the layers of the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) and what are their properties?
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Parvocellular Layer (p-layer)
-channel run through the top 4 layers of LGN -composed of neurons w/small cell bodies -responsive to color, fine pattern, stationary objects -input primarily cones Magnocellular Layer (M-Layer) -channel runs through bottom 2 layers of LGN -composed of neurons w/ large body cells -responsive to movement -input primarily rods |
Melissa Allbee
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What does the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Association Cortex (DPAC) do? What are the output areas of the DPAC?
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Initiates complex voluntary motor responses.
Output- Primary motor cortex, secondary motor cortex, basal ganglia, and frontal eye field. |
Melissa Allbee
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What are the three tracts of the Anterolateral System?
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Spinothalamic tract-thalamus
Spinotectal tract- tectum Spinoreticular- reticular formation |
Melissa Allbee
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What job does the thalamus have when there is pain in the brain?
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Pain perception, threat orientation
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Melissa Allbee
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During ascending signals, what do A-delta and c-fiber contribute?
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They inhibit (IPSP) the inhibitory signal, allowing the T cell to fire and send pain signal to the brain.
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Melissa Allbee
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What are the three phases of energy metabolism?
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1. Cephalic
2. Absorptive 3. Fasting |
Melissa Allbee
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Describe the specificity theory of pain.
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Pain is the transmission of signals from the body to pain centers in the brain. Pain is proportional to the injury.
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Katelyn Johnson
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What are the problems with the specificity theory?
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People who have bad injuries report little pain at times
People with minor injuries report a lot of pain Phantom limb pain Deafferination does not remove pain |
Katelyn Johnson
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What is the homunculi?
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Essentially body maps in our somatosensory and primary motor cortex that have designated areas which activate and send signals to each part of our body i.e. arms, face
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Katelyn Johnson
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What motor pathways are the dorsolateral corticospinal tract responsible for?
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Distal limb muscles of legs
Fine motor control of individual digits |
Katelyn Johnson
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What is the procedure that Ramachandran came up with to help patients with phantom limb pain?
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Using mirrors to see the reflection of their intact limbs has helped them feel relief from the pain and discomfort of their phantom limb
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Katelyn Johnson
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What is kinesthesia?
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location of the body in space
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Jordan Jakubov
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Cerebellum Function
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1. fine tuning of motor/cognitive responses
2.compares imput from motor systems and corrects deviations from plans |
Jordan Jakubov
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Two ascending pathways to the brain
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1. Dorsal-column medial lemniscus system
2. Anterolateral system |
Jordan Jakubov
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Damage to DPAC
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problems in ability to plan, temporally sequences and initial sequences of actions
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Jordan Jakubov
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Secondary Motor Cortex Functions
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learning, planning, programming of movements, sequences of behaviors
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Jordan Jakubov
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Where does the secondary motor cortex receive input from
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1. primary motor cortex
2. association cortices |
Jordan Jakubov
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Damage to secondary motor cortex in humans
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problems with ability to perform complex sequences of behavior (walking, riding a bike)
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Jordan Jakubov
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tactile sensory system: damage to peripheral receptors
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peripheral neuropathy-loss of sensation
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Jordan Jakubov
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tactile sensory system: damage to spinal cord
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paralysis and loss of sensation below the level of the injury
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Jordan Jakubov
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What is the hierarchical organization of sensation/perception system of tactile info?
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1. association cortex
2. secondary motor cortex 3. primary motor cortex 4. brain stem motor nuclei 5. spinal motor circuits |
Jordan Jakubov
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important characteristics of motor movement
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-motor output guided by sensory input
-motor plans caries as a function of learning -hierarchical system -motor movements can be cortically mediated and reflexive |
Jordan Jakubov
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characteristics of primary somatosensory/motor cortex homunculi
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1. more geography on cortex corresponds to greater sensory/motor specificity
2. more neurons with smaller receptive fields 3. more neurons projecting to spinal cord 4. neural plasticity |
Jordan Jakubov
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Transduction in the visual system
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-cones are color/fine detail detectors
-rods located in peripheray -rods/cones stimulate bipheripheray |
Jordan Jakubov
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True or false: rods need larger things to stimulate them?
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True
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Jordan Jakubov
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What color stands out most at night?
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Blue
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Jordan Jakubov
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What is the highest level of organization?
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Perception
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Jordan Jakubov
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Most general relay station?
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Thalamus
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Jordan Jakubov
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True or false: In the striate cortex more cortex is devoted to areas of high acuity?
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True
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Jordan Jakubov
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For every 4 rods how many ganglion cells are there?
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1
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Jordan Jakubov
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Basal ganglia get input from
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multiple cortical regions
substantia nigra |
Jordan Jakubov
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Motor programs of the secondary motor cortex
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typing, driving car and writing
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Blaine Muhl
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Basal Ganglia output goes to
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thalamus-->motor cortices
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Blaine Muhl
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Ascending Signals
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Go from the bottom up
-info from the environment to receptors to spinal cord to cortex |
Blaine Muhl
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Descending signals
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Brain to motor neurons, top down
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Blaine Muhl
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Primary Motor Cortex
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Spinal Efferents synapse with motor endplate and cause a muscle contraction
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Blaine Muhl
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2 dorsolateral tracts
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Distal limb movements and fine motor movements
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Blaine Muhl
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Dorsolateral Coticospinal Tract
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Synapse in medulla
distal limb muscles of legs/fine motor or individual digits |
Blaine Muhl
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Dorsolateral Corticrubrospinal tract
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synapses in red nucleus
also synapses with facial muscles so it also controls movement of them |
Blaine Muhl
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two ascending pathways in the brain
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dorsal column medial lemniscus system
anterolateral system |
Blaine Muhl
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Anterolateral system carries...
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pain information
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Blaine Muhl
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Response chunking
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practice creates motor programs like driving or typing
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Blaine Muhl
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learning shifts from
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Higher to lower processing levels
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Blaine Muhl
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DPAC and PPAC control
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New Behaviors
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Blaine Muhl
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Secondary Motor Cortex Controls
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practiced Behaviors
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Blaine Muhl
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lawrence and kuypers experiment
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wanted to find difference between dorsolateral and ventromedial pathways
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Blaine Muhl
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Basal Ganglia function
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1. modulates motor output
2. selection.initiation of learned motor responses 3. motor learning 4. complex cognitive tasks |
Blaine Muhl
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Basal Ganglia : input from/to
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From:
multiple cortical areas -substantia nigra To: Thalamus-->motor cortices |
Blaine Muhl
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Basal Ganglia Damage
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results in parkinsons disease
-resting tremor -trouble initiating motor patterns |
Blaine Muhl
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Sensorimotor system : hierarchical organization, the information flows
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From highest to lowest level:
Association Cortex--muscles |
Blaine Muhl
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Sensorimotor system: parallel processing
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-signals flow between levels over multiple paths
-enables the association cortex to control lower levels of hierarchy in more than one way |
Blaine Muhl
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What type of contrast X-Ray is most useful for identifying vascular damage?
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Cerebral Angiogram
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Abby Krone
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Which give you a clearer image of the brain? CT or MRI
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MRI
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Abby Krone
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Which scan was the FIRST to show brain activity?
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PET scan
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Abby Krone
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What kind of signal is recorded by an fMRI?
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BOLD:Blood Oxygen Level Development signal
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Abby Krone
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True or False: An fMRI provides structural AND functional info.
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True
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Abby Krone
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True or False: fMRI's show activity of the brain
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False- fMRI's show BOLD signals
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Abby Krone
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What is the main advantage a MEG has over a fMRI?
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An MEG has better temporal resolution
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Abby Krone
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An EEG shows great temporal resolution but poor_______.
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spatial resolution
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Abby Krone
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What does an Electromyography measure?
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Muscle tension
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Abby Krone
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What does Electroculography measure?
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Eye movement
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Abby Krone
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What machine uses high-resolution images constructed from waves that hydrogen atoms emit when activated by radio waves?
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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Morgan Maxon
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What is a technique for examining brain structure by constructing a composite of x-ray images taken from many different angles of the brain?
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Computerized Tomography (CT)
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Morgan Maxon
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What machine measures blood flow and oxygen use within the brain?
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fMRI
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Morgan Maxon
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What is the master gland?
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The pituitary gland
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Morgan Maxon
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What are the three types of hormones?
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steroid, amino acid/peptide, and protein hormones
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Morgan Maxon
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What is the difference between primary and secondary hypothyroidism?
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Primary is caused by a failure of the thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4. Secondary is caused by the failure of the pituitary gland to produce TSH.
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Morgan Maxon
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What hormone helps make a male?
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Testosterone
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Morgan Maxon
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Which stress system deals with acute stress?
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SAM-CAT: sympathetic-adrenicortical medullary-catelcholamine
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Morgan Maxon
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Which stress system deals with chronic stress?
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HPAC
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Morgan Maxon
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What does schizophrenia mean?
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"split-brain"
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Morgan Maxon
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When antipsychotic medication is given to schizophrenics, what disease do the symptoms resemble?
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Parkinson's Disease
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Morgan Maxon
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What brain structure appears smaller in people who have PTSD?
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The hippocampus
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Morgan Maxon
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What is the treatment exposure theory?
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Exposure to feared stimuli in a safe environment can in turn make people less scared of the stimuli, and eventually overcome their PTSD
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Morgan Maxon
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What is the military now using for IRAQ war veterans to try and help with PTSD
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Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET)
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Morgan Maxon
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In which stage of sleep does REM occur?
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Stage 1
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Morgan Maxon
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When does slow-wave sleep occur?
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Stages 3 and 4
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Morgan Maxon
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What stage has k complexes?
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Stage 2
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Morgan Maxon
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What is the activation-synthesis theory?
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That during REM sleep, many brain-stem circuits become active and bombard the cerebral cortex with neural signals.
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Morgan Maxon
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What are environmental cues called that entrain circadian rhythms?
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Zeitgebers
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Morgan Maxon
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Lesions of what part of the brain can disrupt circadian cycles?
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Suprachiasmatic Nuclei (SCN) of the medial hypothalamus.
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Morgan Maxon
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Greeks and Romans theorized that the cause of psychiatric illnesses was due to what?
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An imbalance of humors.
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Rebecca Temaat
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Eating, sleeping, and loss of sexual interest are some of the vegetative signs of what?
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Depression.
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Rebecca Temaat
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An example of a monoamine is what?
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Serotonin, Norepinepherine
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Rebecca Temaat
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A lack of what monoamine causes depression?
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Serotonin.
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Rebecca Temaat
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When does schizophrenia usually begin?
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Late adolescence, early adulthood
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Rebecca Temaat
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what does MRI stand for, and what is it?
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MRI = magnetic resonance imaging
MRIs are high resolution images constructed from the measurement of waves that hydrogen atoms emit when they are activated by radio-frequency waves in the magnetic field. |
Bea Raemdonck
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what is paired image subtraction technique?
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using PET and fMRI, the researcher obtains both images during several cognitive functions. tasks are designed so that pairs of them differ from each other in terms of only single contistuent cognitive processing tasks. then the brain activity associated with the process can be estimated by subtracting one of the two tasks from the activity in the image associated witht he other
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Bea Raemdonck
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what is a hormone?
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a chemical messenger produced by a gland that is carried by the circulatory system to a distant target organ.
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Bea Raemdonck
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what are the two "key players" in hormones?
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hypothalamus and pituitary gland
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Bea Raemdonck
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what are some of the symptoms of hyperthyroidism or graves disease?
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protruding eyes, weight loss, increased appetite, nervousness, anxiety, restlessness, mania, fatigue, heat intolerance, tremor, and rapid heart rate
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Bea Raemdonck
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what is the genetic difference between males and females?
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males have XY genes which produce testosterone and females have XX genes
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Bea Raemdonck
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what is the defining characteristic of the SAM CAT response and the HPAC response?
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SAM CAT= acute stress--> fight or flight
HPAC= chronic stress -->conservation and hunkerdown |
Bea Raemdonck
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how do MAOIs and Tricyclic acids differ in treating depression?
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MAOIs = prevent breakdown of serotonin, epinephrine and nor epinephrin
Tycyclic acids= block the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephine, histamine and acetylcholine |
Bea Raemdonck
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how do you know when someone is asleep?
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there is a characteristic change in brain functioning, the waking brain produces high frequency electrical activity, the sleeping brain has more synchronized electrical activity.
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Bea Raemdonck
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what are the primary emotions?
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surprise, happy, sad, anger, fear, and disgust.
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Bea Raemdonck
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What are the characteristics of Stage 3 sleep?
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Delta waves (largest amplitude and lowest frequency)
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Tanya Izrailev
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What is Paradoxical sleep?
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During sleep, your EEG looks awake (active Beta waves and high HR and BP)
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Tanya Izrailev
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What can occur to a fetus with XX chromosomes that is exposed to testosterone at 6 weeks? 12 weeks? 8 to 15 weeks?
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6 weeks > testes
12 weeks > wolfian system and mullarian system present 8- 15 weeks > Penis |
Tanya Izrailev
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The Y chromosome is the smallest but it is need to develop a man. What protein is produced by the Y chromosome and how is it linked to testosterone?
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Sry protein
Sry protein stimulates the medulla of the gonads to develop into testes. Testes secrete testosterone |
Tanya Izrailev
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What are the different kinds of hormones mentioned and the main ways they differ?
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1. Steroid Hormones
2. Amino Acid/Peptide/Protein Hormones The 2nd type are more widely produced, packaged, and released by a number of different brain and somatic structures. |
Alexa Hon
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What does the posterior pituitary release?
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Releases stored Oxytocin and Vasopressin
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Alexa Hon
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What does the anterior pituitary release and how is it stimulated.
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-stimulated by releasing hormones
-releases stimulating/trophic hormones which cause the release of hormones from other glands. |
Alexa Hon
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What two forms of thyroid hormone are secreted by the thyroid?
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Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)
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Alexa Hon
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What are the 2 stages of hypothyroidism? Describe them.
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Primary hypothyroidism: caused by failure of the thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4; has various causes
Secondary hypothyroidism: caused by failure of the pituitary gland to produce TSH; cause is unknown but risk factors include family history, being female and being >50 years old. |
Alexa Hon
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