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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are two other names for primary reinforcer/punishment?
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Unconditioned or unlearned.
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What are two other names for conditioned reinforcer/punishment?
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Secondary or unlearned.
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Definition
Primary Reinforcer |
A stimulus that reinforces behavior regardless of any prior experience with that stimulus.
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Definition
Secondary Reinforcer |
A stimulus that acquires reinforcing properties due to its relation to another reinforcer.
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Definition
Backup Reinforcer |
A reinforcer used to establish another stimulus as conditioned reinforcer by making it available following that stimulus.
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Definition
Token |
A conditioned reinforcer that can be accumulated and exchanged for backup reinforcers.
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Definition
Generalized Reinforcer |
A stimulus that acquires reinforcing properties due to its relation to a variety of reinforcers.
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True or False
A generalized reinforcer is dependent on a specific establishing operation. |
False.
Since its properties come from a variety of reinforcers, if a single establishing operation makes one specific reinforcer ineffective, the generalized reinforcer will act on another. For example, if you just ate and were awarded the paycheck, you will still find it an effective reinforcer because you could buy clothes or do something entertaining. |
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What is the most likely explanation of self-injurious behavior (SIB)?
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SIB results when the individual desires attention or escape from demands (conditioned reinforcer), and the opportunity to self-restrain (positively) reinforces the SIB.
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What is the best way to extinct SIB?
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Extinct the behavior and simultaneously reinforce an incompatible behavior.
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What is a pitfall of conditioned reinforcement?
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Aversive stimuli intended for punishment can become positive reinforcers for undesirable behavior.
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What are the influencing factors of conditioned reinforcement?
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1. Strengthen backup reinforcers
2. Variety of backup reinforcers 3. Schedule of reinforcement 4. Extinction of conditioned reinforcer |
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What is a theoretical advantage of backward chaining?
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Has a build in conditioned reinforcer to strengthen each new response that is added to the sequence.
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Of the 3 chaining techniques, which is more often used in everyday life?
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Forward chaining and TTP
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Which chaining technique(s) are better for complex tasks?
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Forward and backward, more so the former.
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What are the advantages of using TTP for those with learning disabilities?
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1. Requires less instructor time.
2. Focuses on teaching response topography and sequence simultaneously. 3. Maximizes learners independence early. |
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As opposed to shaping or fading, what does chaining reinforce?
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The stimulus-response links.
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What are the influencing factors of chaining?
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1. Appropriate task analysis
2. Conduct preliminary modelling trial 3. Use error correction 4. Use ample social reinforcers 5. Principle of weak early links |
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What are two components of appropriate task analysis in chaining?
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1. Step size
2. Distinct stimuli |
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How should one model a preliminary trial in chaining?
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They should model the entire sequence while verbally describing the performance of each step.
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What types of prompting should be used in error correction in chaining?
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Pacing and increasing assistance methods of prompts.
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What are two pitfalls of chaining?
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1. Reinforcing negative behavior because of feeling guilty.
2. Over-reliance of prompts |
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What are the components of generality?
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1. Stimulus Generalization
2. Response Generalization 3. Behavior Maintenance |
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Definition
Stimulus Generalization |
Behavior change occurs in presence of one stimulus as a result of the same behavior producing a consequence in the presence of a similar stimulus.
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Definition
Response Generalization |
Behavior change occurs in presence of one stimulus as a result of a similar behavior producing a consequence in the presence of the same stimulus.
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What is the difference between stimulus and response generalization?
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Stimulus generalization involves a behavior being altered in the presence of a new stimulus whereas response generalization involves a new behavior being altered by the same antecedent stimulus.
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Definition
Behavior Maintenance |
Behavior change produced by treatment maintains when treatment is withdrawn due to contingencies in the natural environment taking control.
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What are the influencing factors of generality?
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1. Train in target situation (stimulus generalization)
2. Program common stimuli (stimulus generalization) 3. Vary the training conditions (stimulus generalization) 4. Train sufficient stimulus exemplars (stimulus generalization) 5. Intermittent reinforcement (all components) 6. Train sufficient response exemplars (response generalization only) 7. Use natural reinforcers (behavior maintenance only) 8. Change behavior of people in natural environment (behavior maintenance only) 9. Give control to individual (behavior maintenance only) |
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How do you train sufficient stimulus exemplars?
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Train in setting 1 -> test in setting 2.
If no behavior change in setting two, continue training and testing in new settings until behavior change observed in new setting. |
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How do you train sufficient response exemplars?
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Train response 1 -> test for response.
If no new response, continue until new refusal response observed. |
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How can you give control to the individual in generality?
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Through recruitment response (ie How am I doing?) to gain natural contingencies like praise.
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How can you vary training conditions in generality?
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Vary non-critical elements that lack stimulus control and don't signal reinforcement.
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How can you program common stimuli in generality?
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Ensure critical features in target situation acquire stimulus control by signalling reinforcement.
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How do you use natural contingencies in generality?
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Establish behavior trap.
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Definition
Rule |
Verbal antecedent of description of 3-term contingency.
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How does a rule differ from a partial rule?
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A partial rule implies one or more of the 3-term contingency rather than describing it.
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What are some advantages of contingency-shaped vs rule-governed behavior?
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1. Behavior is more sensitive to changing contingencies.
2. More response variability |
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What are some disadvantages of contingency-shaped vs rule-governed behavior?
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1. Trial and error may result in less than optimal form of behavior.
2. Might produce ceiling effect in performance. |
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What is an advantage of rule-governed vs contingency-shaped behavior?
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Behavior change is immediate.
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What are some disadvantages of rule-governed vs contingency-shaped behavior?
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1. Behavior is less sensitive to changing contingencies
2. Words can get in the way of learning 3. Impossible to define all the rules of complex behavior |
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Social behavior [more or less] sensitively modified by natural contingencies under [rule-governed or contingency-shaped] behavior.
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Less ; rule-governed.
or More; contingency-shaped. |
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How do lower and higher order operations interact?
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With each lower order reinforcement the behavior produces a reinforcer for (one of two types of) higher order operation.
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What are the two types of higher order operations and what are their consequences?
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1. Tracking; natural reinforcement for following rules
2. Pliance; social approval |
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How are goals different from rules?
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Goals are partial rules that identify the behavior portion of the 3-term contingency.
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Why might public goals be more effective than private goals?
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Because of pliance, knowing that others will approve of success and disapprove of failure.
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Definition
Situational Inducement |
Influence behavior by manipulating antecedents that already have control over behavior.
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List four ways to enact situational inducement (as per the inactive child example).
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1. Rearrange existing surroundings
2. Move activity to new location 3. Relocate people 4. Change time of activity |
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How is behaviour described differently for reflexes, operant, and respondent conditioning?
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Operant = emitted behavior
Respondent = elicited behavior Reflexes = elicited behavior |
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How does the resulting behavior change differ between operant and respondent conditioning?
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Operant from consequential operation, respondent from signalling stimulus.
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Definition
Reflex |
Reliable production of a particular response by a specified stimulus.
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How do reflexes differ from operant conditioning?
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Its about the SR relation, not consequences.
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What is important to remember about unconditional reflexes?
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Reflex requires a reliable stimulus.
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What are the influencing factors of respondent conditioning?
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1. CS-US interval
2. CS intensity and US intensity 3. CS pre-exposure 4. Number of CS-US pairings 5. CS-US contingency 6. Overshadowing & blocking 7. Counterconditioning |
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What are three important characteristics of emotions?
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1. Internal autonomic reaction (Respondent)
2. Operant conditioning of expression of emotion 3. Operant conditioning of awareness and description of emotions |
