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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nature Vs. Nurture
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Whether generic or environmental factors are more important determinants of development and behavior
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Continuous Vs. Discontinuous
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Continuous- Augmenting same types of skills that were there to begin with
Discontinuous- New ways of responding and understanding to the worldemerge at specific times. |
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Normative Approach to studying Child Development
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measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individulas, and age related averages are computed to represent typical development.
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Freud's Theory
Three Parts of Personality |
Id- Source of basic biological need and desires
Ego- Conscious, rational part of personality, redirects id's impulses so that they are discharged in acceptable ways Superego- interactions with parents, children conform to the valus of society. |
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Freud's Theory
Psychosexual Thoery |
Oral, (birth-1year) Sucking activites towards breast or bottle.
Anal, (1-3years) Toliet training becomes a major issue between parent and child. Phallic, (3-6years) Child finds pleasure in genital stimulation. Latency, (6-11years) Sexual instincts die down, superego developes further, new social values Genital, (adoloescence) Puberty causes the sexual impulses of the phallic stage to reappear, leads to mature sexuality, marriage, birth and rearing of children. |
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Erikson's Theory
Psychosocial stages |
Trust Vs Mistrust (Oral) (brith-1year) infants gain a sense of trust that the world is good, mistrust comes when the infant has to wait too long for comfort.
Autononmy V.s Shame and doubt (1-3years) (Anal)- Children want to choose and decide for themselves. Autononmy, free choice leads to no force or shame on child Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6years) (phallic) make believe play they experiment who they become. responsibility, ambition. too much control leads to guilt. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11years) (genital) ability to work with others, inferiority- negative exp at home school leads to incompetence Identity vs. Identity confusion (adoloscence) (Genital) Who am i? place in society? negative outcome is confucion about future adult roles Intimacy vs. Isolation (emerging adulthood) est. intimate ties with others, those who cannot are isolated. Generativity Vs. Stagnation (adulthood) giving to the next generation. failing to do so results in stagnation. Integrity Vs. Despair (Old age) reflect on the kind of person you have become, dissatisfied fear death and despair. |
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Psychoanalytic Theory
Strenghts and weaknesses |
Strenght- emphasis on the individuals unique likfe history as worthy of study and understanding.
Weakness- psychoanalytic perspective is no longer in the mainstream of child development research. |
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Behavioral/ Learning Theories
Classical Conditioning |
Pavlov- salvation.
Watson- little albert, loud sound stimulus with another and transfer the response from one stimulus to another unconditioned stimulus. |
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Behavorial/learning theories
Operant Conditioning |
Reinforcement- make stronger.
any consequence to behavior to strenghten it. Punishment- decrese probability of behavior, any consequence to weaken- yelling. |
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Behavorial/Learning theories
Social Learing |
Observation and imitation, young watch and imitate what others do. requires thought preocessing.
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Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory
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Sensorimotor Stage-(brith-2years) Sensory exp. hear some sounds, recognize smell, taste, body movements
Preoperational stage(2-7yrs) thinking becomes symbolic, language, set of symbols Concrete operations(7-11yrs) thinking becomes logical, reversable thinking, story-beg-middle, end Formal Operations(11/15yrs-adulthood) thinking is abstract, direct concrete exp, not necessary for understanding. |
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Ethological theory
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Critical periods- limited time span in which something must develop, (legs, in prenatal dev)
Sensitive period- Time spans are longer, boundries, are more flexbile (language dev) |
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Bronfendrenner's Ecological Theory, Environmental levels
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Microsystem- immediate physical setting, childs family, 1stgrade classroom,neighborhood.
Mesosystem- Relationship b/w diff. mircosystems Exosystem- Gov't laws, work sched, healthcare, Macrosystem- Persons culture, values, laws, transferred from generation to generation Chronosystem- historical/environmental events that effect children, 9/11, iraqi war, hurrican katrina. |
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Vygotsky's Theory
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Society and culture are important in shaping cognitive development, language-tool to communicate.
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Developmental designs in psychology
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Cross sectional- study diff age group at the same time.
Longitudinal design- Same group over a long period of time Sequential design- Diff age groups and follow for a long period of time Microgenetic design- Short span of time, analyze emotion after a few seconds |
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Ch 2
Canalization |
restric development of some characteristics to one or a few outcomes.
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Ch 2.
Heterozygous |
2 diff allels at the same place on a pair of chromosomes
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Ch 2
dyzygotic twins |
Fraternal twins
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Ch 2
genes |
segment of DNA containing hereidty instructions
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Ch 2
Homozygous |
2 identical allels at the same place on a pair of chromsomes
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Ch2
monozygotic twins |
Identical Twins
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Ch2
Chromosomes |
transmit genetic information
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Ch 2
genotype |
Acutal genes that a person has
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Ch2
Zygote |
newly fertilized cell formed at conception
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Ch 2
allels |
two forms of a gene located at the same place on the autosomes
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Ch2
phenotype |
expression of traits
seen in phycials app. or behavior |
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Ch2
Patterns of genetic inheritance |
Dominant- determine expression of traits
Recessive- Expressed when both are together Codominance-both traits expressed, one brown eye one blue eyPolygenic- genes work together to influence traits. |
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Ch 2
Chromosomal Abnomalities |
Down syndrome- extra chromosomla activity on #21, rish increase with age
Triple X(XXX) Women has 3 X's rather than two. tendency to be taller Klinefelter syndrome- 2 x's along with Y, dont develop properly Turner Syndrome- girl gets 1 x instead of 2, webbed neck. |
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Ch 2
Prenatal Diagnostic methods |
Amniocentesis- analyze for speech defects
Chorionic Villus- get sample of chorion, sample defects Ultrasound- emits radiowaves,pic, sonogram. looks for structural defects. Fetoscopy- magnifies more detalied look at the baby Maternal blood analysis- look for elevated levels of alpha feto protein, if high defects are probable. |
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Ch 2
Inpact of Poverty on Development |
Physical development- malnutrition. dont recieve nutrition they need to grow. lower Iq scores, stress on parents, rate high among youngsingle mothers with children under the age of 5
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Ch 2
Socioeconomic Status SES |
based on income, education, job status. Diff in family size,diff in values, white colar jobs, diff in discipline, blue colar- spending, white colar- less used to harsh punishment
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Ch 2
Children in towns and cities |
Children in large cities have more acess to a varity of cultural events, children in small towns are likely to remain invloved in their communities, even as adults.
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Ch 2
Reaction Range |
Range in which enviorment has an impact. someone with tall genes who grows up with adequate nutrition vs someone with tall genes who grows up in a poor country with less food available.
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Ch2
Environmental Correlations |
Passive- Parents genes influence environment that they provide for their children
Evocative- childs genes that evoke certain reations from environment Active- Childs genes influence chils choice of environment Shared- siblings have in common, house schoo, vacations, neighborhood etc.. non shared- siblings do not share, rooms, toys, friends |
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Ch 3
phases/subperiods of prenatal development |
Germinal (2weeks) conception, fertilization, cell division, blastocyst, trophoblast
Implantation 7-10weeks, spontaneous abortions occur Embyonic period- 2-8 weeks, ectoderm forms-nervous system and skin parts Fetal period 8-36weeks-movements felt by mother, respond to light and sounds.vernix forms third trimester- fetus gains weight, gains lenght, fat forms |
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Ch3
teratorgen |
any environmental agent that causes a birth defect
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Ch 3
types of teratogens |
drugs FAS, hormones androgens, radiation x-rays, pollution lead, disease viral, exercise , malnutrition proper nutrition, rh factor factor in blood, age chromosomal abnormalities.
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Ch 4
3 stages of childbirth |
Labor- contractions, painful as time goes on, dialation of cervex. 12-14 hrs
Delivery- Crowning, baby completley out. 50min Afterbirth- placenta is expelled. 5-10 min |
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Ch 4
new born appearence |
large head, big eyes, short lets, bowed.
20 inches long, 7.5 lbs |
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APGAR Scale
Asses newborns health |
given 1minafter birth and 5min after birth
Heart rate, repiration, reflex, irratibility, muscle tone, body color. socre-0,1,2 on each category total score0 7+ good 3-6= risk for problems below 3= emergency |
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Ch4
Medications used for labor and delivery |
Analgesics- pain relieving drugs , tylenol, asprin.
Epidural- under the skin Anesthetics- sensation blocking drugs Tranqulizers-oxytocin- regulates contractions. |
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Ch4
Cesarean Section |
Surgical removal of baby from womb. recovery period is longer
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Ch4
Anoxia |
Decrease in levels of xygen
caussed from smoking inhalation. dizziness, sweating, increase breathing rate |
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Ch 4
Respiratory Distress Syndrome |
breathing problem affetced 6 or more weeks before their due dates. Lungs arent devloped enough to make surfaktant. (coats the inside of lungs and keeps them opened.)
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Ch4
Low birthweight Infants |
less than 5 lbs at full term
risk for develpomental problems, deafness, blindness etc.. |
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ch4
Preterm infants |
born 3 or more weeks before 38, 35 or less. developmental problems, ill, high stung, irratibility, high pitched cries...
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Ch 4
Small for date infant |
small for their gestational age, high risk for developmental problems, poor motor skills, physical dissabilities, blind, deaf, mental retardation ADD,
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ch 4
Newborn reflexes |
Sucking-birth-4mos.
rooting-birth-3weeks, stroke cheek, baby turns head Eye blink- life long- tonic Neck- bith 4mos- eye hand coordination palmar grasp-birth 3/4mos-anything that touchesd babies hand Babinski-Birth 8/12mos-touch bottom of foot, fan toes out and turn inward (feet) Maro- birth-60mos- startle reflex,loud sound, change in position Stepping-birth-3mos- feet placed on table, slowly tap swmming-birth4-6mos- make swmming movements in water most dissappear within the first year, few remain life long, blinking, coughing, yanwing. some get body ready for future skill (motor skills) |
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Ch4
Sensory Capabilities of Newborns |
Taste- prefer sweet taste
Smell- have prefrences, recognize mother if breastfed touch- sensitivity evident in reflex, to pain, and cold temperatures Hearing- human voice, turn towards it, high pitched voices, mother voice. Vision- visual acuity, 20-600 cones arent functional until 4mos, track moving objects |
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Ch 4
Various states of Arousal/consciousness |
sleep 16-18hrs a day
NonREM/regular sleep REM/irregular sleep. drowsy-half awake half sleep quiet alertness- wide awake. working activity- crying, moving |
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Ch 4
Babies Cries |
First mode of cumminication.
indicates physical need. basic-phsical need, angry- forceful, loud pian- sudden, loud contagion- contagious colic- lasting for hours |
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ch4
Brazelton’s Neonatal Behavioral Assessment |
examines: reflex, motor abilities, state changes, responses to stimuli. low score indicates brain damage.
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