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462 Cards in this Set
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Inter-individual differences |
Differences between people |
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Intra-individual differences |
Differences in performance within the same individual |
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Primary aging (or normal aging) |
The normal changes over time that occur due to universal, intrinsic, and progressive alterations in the body system |
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Secondary aging (or impaired aging) |
Changes over time leading to impairment due to a disease rather than normal aging |
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Tertiary aging |
When individuals experience a rapid loss of functions across multiple areas of functioning shortly before death |
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Optimal aging |
Changes that improve the individuals functioning |
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Functional age |
Age based on performance rather than chronological age |
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Biological age |
The age of an individual's bodily systems; helps people learn how to best to improve their muscle and bone strength |
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Psychological age |
Refers to the performance an individual achieves on measures of such qualities as reaction time, memory, learning ability, and intelligence (all of which are known to change with age) |
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Social age |
Calculated by evaluating where people are compared to the "typical" ages expected for people to be when they occupy certain positions in life |
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Personal aging |
Refers to changes that occur within the individual and reflect the influence of times passage on the bodies structures and functions |
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Social aging |
Refers to the effects of a persons exposure to a changing environment |
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Normative-age graded influence |
Lead people to choose experiences that their culture and historical period attack to certain ages or points in their life span; cultural norm |
Ex. Graduate from college and early 20s, get married and begin a family in 20s-30s |
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Normative history-graded influences |
Events that occur to everyone within a certain culture or geopolitical unit (regardless of age) and include large scale occurrences such as world wars, economic trends, or socio-cultural changes in attitudes and values |
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Non-normative influences |
The random idiosyncratic events that occur throughout life |
Ex. Winning the lottery, car accidents, fire |
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Baby boom generation |
Term used to describe people born in the post World War II years of 1946 to 1964 |
Made up nearly 40% of the entire US population |
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Life expectancy |
Average number of years of life or meaning to the people born within a similar period of time |
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Lifespan |
Maximum age for a given species |
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Health expectancy |
Number of years a person could expect to live in good health and with relatively little disability if current mortality and morbidity rates persist |
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Contextual influences on development |
The effects of sex, race, ethnic city, social class, income, religion, and culture on development |
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Geriatrics |
The medical specialty in aging |
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Niche-picking |
The proposal that genetic and environmental factors work together to influence the direction of a child's life |
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Organismic model |
Proposes that heredity drives the course of development throughout life (taken from the term "organism") |
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Mechanistic model |
Proposes that people's behavior changes gradually over time, shaped by the outside forces that cause them to adapt to their environments (taken from the word "machine") |
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Interactionist model |
Takes the view that not only do genetics and environment interact in complex ways to produce their effects on the individual but that individuals actively shape their own development |
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Plasticity in development |
The course of development may be altered (is "plastic") |
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Reciprocity in development |
States that people both influence and are influenced by the events in their lives; not only are you shaped by your experiences but that you in turn shape many of the experiences that affect you |
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Ecological perspective |
Identifies multiple levels of the environment as they affect the individuals over time |
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Microsystem |
The setting in which people have their daily interactions and which therefore have the most direct impact on their lives |
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Mesosystem |
The realm of the environment in which interactions take place among two or more Microsystems |
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Exosystem |
Includes the environments that people do not closely experience on a regular basis but that impact them nevertheless |
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Macrosystem |
Includes the larger institutions ranging from a country's economy to its laws and social norms |
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Chronosystem |
Refers to the changes that take place over time |
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Life course perspective |
Norms, roles, and attitudes about each have an impact on the shape of each person's life |
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Social clock |
The expectations for the ages at which a society associates with major life events |
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Activity theory |
The view that older adults are most satisfied if they are able to remain involved in their social roles |
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Disengagement theory |
Propose that the normal and natural evolution of life causes older adults to loosen purposefully their social ties |
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Continuity theory |
Proposes that whether disengagement or activity is beneficial to the older adult depends on the individual's personality |
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Terror management theory |
People regard with panic and dread the thought that their lives will someday come to an end; they engage in defensive mechanisms to protect themselves from the anxiety and threats to self-esteem that this awareness produces |
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Modernization hypothesis |
The increasing urbanization and industrialization of Western society is what causes older adults to be devalued |
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Intersectionality |
Multiple "isms" such as ageism, sexism, and racism do not just add up but interact with one another to influence the discriminatory ways in which people reflecting more than one group are treated |
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Multiple jeopardy hypothesis |
States that older individuals who fit more than one discriminated against category are affected by biases against each of these categorizations |
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Age-as-leveler hypothesis |
Proposes that as people become older, age overrides all other "isms" |
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Inoculation hypothesis |
Order minorities and women have managed to become immune to the effects of ageism through years of exposure to discrimination and stereotyping |
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Psychosocial theory of development |
Proposes that at certain points in life, biological, psychological, and social changes come together to influence the individual's personality |
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Epigenetic principle |
Asserts that each stage unfolds from the previous stage according to a pre-destined order |
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Basic trust vs. mistrust |
Infant establishing a sense of being able to rely on care from the environment (and caregivers) |
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Autonomy vs. shame and doubt |
Young children learn ways to act independently from their parents without feeling afraid that they will venture too far off on their own |
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Initiative vs. guilt |
The child becomes able to engage in creative self-expression without fear of making a mistake |
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Industry vs. inferiority |
The individual identifying with the world of work and developing a work ethic |
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Identity achievement vs. identity diffusion |
When individuals must decide who they are and what they wish to get out of life |
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Intimacy vs. isolation |
Individuals are faced with making commitments to close relationships |
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Generativity vs. stagnation |
Middle-age adults focus on the psychosocial issues of procreation, productivity, and creativity |
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Ego integrity vs. despair |
Toward the end of adulthood when individuals face psychosocial issues related to aging and facing their mortality |
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Schemas |
The mental structures we used to understand the world |
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Assimilation |
Process were people use their existing schemas as a way to understand the world around them; they change their perception of the culture to fit their own way of understanding it |
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Accommodation |
When people change their schemas in response to new information about the world |
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Equilibrium |
When assimilation and accommodation are perfectly balanced |
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Identity process theory |
Proposes that identity continues to change in adulthood in a dynamic manner |
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Identity |
Set of schemas the person holds about the self; answer to the question "who am I?" |
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Identity assimilation |
Refers to the tendency to interpret new experiences in terms of a persons existing identity; people with this tend to resist changing their identities in the face of criticism or disconfirming experiences |
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Identity accommodation |
We're people make changes in their identities in response to experiences that challenge their current view of themselves |
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Identity balance |
Refers to the dynamic equilibrium that occurs when people tend to view themselves consistently but can make changes when called for by experiences |
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Self-efficacy |
Refers to a person's feelings of competence at a particular task |
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Multiple threshold model |
Proposes that individuals realize that they are getting older through a stepwise process as aging-related changes occur |
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Selective optimization with compensation model |
Adults attempt to preserve and maximize the abilities that are of central importance and put less effort into maintaining those that are not |
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DNA |
Molecule capable of replicating itself that encodes information needed to produce proteins; contains genomes |
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Genome |
The complete set of instructions for "building" all the cells that make up an organism |
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Gene |
Functional unit of DNA molecule carrying a particular set of instructions for producing a specific protein |
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Genome |
The complete set of instructions for "building" all the cells that make up an organism |
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Gene |
Functional unit of DNA molecule carrying a particular set of instructions for producing a specific protein |
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Genome-wide association study |
Method used in behavior genetics in which researchers search for genetic variations related to complex diseases by scanning the entire genome |
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Genome-wide linkage study |
Where researchers study the families of people with specific psychological traits or disorders |
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Single nucleotide polymorphism's (SNPs) |
Small genetic variations that can occur in a persons DNA sequence |
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Programmed aging theories |
Propose that aging and death are built into the hardwiring of all organisms and therefore are part of the genetic code |
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Gompertz function |
Plots the relationship between age and death rate for a given species |
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Programmed aging theories |
Propose that aging and death are built into the hardwiring of all organisms and therefore are part of the genetic code |
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Gompertz function |
Plots the relationship between age and death rate for a given species |
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Telomeres |
Repeating sequences of proteins that contain no genetic information; protect the chromosomes from the damage to them that accumulates over repeated cell replications |
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FOXO genes |
A group of genes that influence crucial cellular processes regulating stress resistance, metabolism, the cell cycle, and the death of cells; nicknamed longevity gene |
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Random error theories |
Based on the assumption that aging reflect on plan changes in an organism over time |
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FOXO genes |
A group of genes that influence crucial cellular processes regulating stress resistance, metabolism, the cell cycle, and the death of cells; nicknamed longevity gene |
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Random error theories |
Based on the assumption that aging reflect on plan changes in an organism over time |
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Cross-linking theory |
Proposes that aging causes deleterious changes in cells of the body that makes up much of the body's connective tissue, including the skin, tendons, muscle, and cartilage |
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Collagen |
The fibrous protein that makes up about 1/4 of all bodily proteins |
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FOXO genes |
A group of genes that influence crucial cellular processes regulating stress resistance, metabolism, the cell cycle, and the death of cells; nicknamed longevity gene |
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Random error theories |
Based on the assumption that aging reflect on plan changes in an organism over time |
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Cross-linking theory |
Proposes that aging causes deleterious changes in cells of the body that makes up much of the body's connective tissue, including the skin, tendons, muscle, and cartilage |
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Collagen |
The fibrous protein that makes up about 1/4 of all bodily proteins |
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Free radicals |
Unstable oxygen molecules produced when cells create energy |
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Free radical theory |
The cause of aging is the increased activity of these unstable oxygen molecules that bond to other molecules and compromise the cell's functioning |
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FOXO genes |
A group of genes that influence crucial cellular processes regulating stress resistance, metabolism, the cell cycle, and the death of cells; nicknamed longevity gene |
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Random error theories |
Based on the assumption that aging reflect on plan changes in an organism over time |
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Cross-linking theory |
Proposes that aging causes deleterious changes in cells of the body that makes up much of the body's connective tissue, including the skin, tendons, muscle, and cartilage |
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Collagen |
The fibrous protein that makes up about 1/4 of all bodily proteins |
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Free radicals |
Unstable oxygen molecules produced when cells create energy |
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Free radical theory |
The cause of aging is the increased activity of these unstable oxygen molecules that bond to other molecules and compromise the cell's functioning |
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Antioxidants |
Chemicals that prevent the formation of free radicals, are advertised widely as an antidote to aging |
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Auto immune theory |
Proposes that aging is due to faulty immune system functioning in which the immune system attacks the bodies own cells |
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FOXO genes |
A group of genes that influence crucial cellular processes regulating stress resistance, metabolism, the cell cycle, and the death of cells; nicknamed longevity gene |
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Random error theories |
Based on the assumption that aging reflect on plan changes in an organism over time |
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Cross-linking theory |
Proposes that aging causes deleterious changes in cells of the body that makes up much of the body's connective tissue, including the skin, tendons, muscle, and cartilage |
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Collagen |
The fibrous protein that makes up about 1/4 of all bodily proteins |
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Free radicals |
Unstable oxygen molecules produced when cells create energy |
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Free radical theory |
The cause of aging is the increased activity of these unstable oxygen molecules that bond to other molecules and compromise the cell's functioning |
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Antioxidants |
Chemicals that prevent the formation of free radicals, are advertised widely as an antidote to aging |
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Auto immune theory |
Proposes that aging is due to faulty immune system functioning in which the immune system attacks the bodies own cells |
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Error theories |
Propose that mutations acquired over the organisms life time due to malfunctioning of the body cells |
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Error catastrophe theory |
Errors that accumulate with aging are ones that are vital to life itself |
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FOXO genes |
A group of genes that influence crucial cellular processes regulating stress resistance, metabolism, the cell cycle, and the death of cells; nicknamed longevity gene |
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Random error theories |
Based on the assumption that aging reflect on plan changes in an organism over time |
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Cross-linking theory |
Proposes that aging causes deleterious changes in cells of the body that makes up much of the body's connective tissue, including the skin, tendons, muscle, and cartilage |
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Collagen |
The fibrous protein that makes up about 1/4 of all bodily proteins |
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Free radicals |
Unstable oxygen molecules produced when cells create energy |
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Free radical theory |
The cause of aging is the increased activity of these unstable oxygen molecules that bond to other molecules and compromise the cell's functioning |
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Antioxidants |
Chemicals that prevent the formation of free radicals, are advertised widely as an antidote to aging |
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Auto immune theory |
Proposes that aging is due to faulty immune system functioning in which the immune system attacks the bodies own cells |
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Error theories |
Propose that mutations acquired over the organisms life time due to malfunctioning of the body cells |
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Error catastrophe theory |
Errors that accumulate with aging are ones that are vital to life itself |
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Wear and tear theory |
Proposal that as people age they believe they are "falling apart" |
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Dependent variable |
Outcome that researchers observe |
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Independent variable |
Factor that the researcher manipulates |
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Dependent variable |
Outcome that researchers observe |
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Independent variable |
Factor that the researcher manipulates |
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Experimental design |
Research method in which an independent variable is manipulated and scores or than measured on the dependent variable. Involves random assignment of respondents to treatment and control groups. |
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Dependent variable |
Outcome that researchers observe |
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Independent variable |
Factor that the researcher manipulates |
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Experimental design |
Research method in which an independent variable is manipulated and scores or than measured on the dependent variable. Involves random assignment of respondents to treatment and control groups. |
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Quasi-experimental design |
Where researchers compare groups on predetermined characteristics |
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Descriptive research design |
Essentially catalogs information about how people perform based on their age but does not attempt to rule out social or historical factors |
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Age |
How many years or months the person has lived; measurement of change within the individual |
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Descriptive research design |
Essentially catalogs information about how people perform based on their age but does not attempt to rule out social or historical factors |
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Age |
How many years or months the person has lived; measurement of change within the individual |
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cohort |
Year or a period of a person's birth; measurement of influences relative to history at time of birth |
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Cohort effects |
Refer to the social, historical, and cultural influences that affect people during a particular period of time |
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Time of measurement |
Year or period in which a person is tested; measurement of current influences on individuals being tested |
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Time of measurement effects |
Social, historical, and cultural influences that are presently affecting people participating in developmental research |
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Time of measurement |
Year or period in which a person is tested; measurement of current influences on individuals being tested |
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Time of measurement effects |
Social, historical, and cultural influences that are presently affecting people participating in developmental research |
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Time of measurement |
Year or period in which a person is tested; measurement of current influences on individuals being tested |
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Time of measurement effects |
Social, historical, and cultural influences that are presently affecting people participating in developmental research |
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Longitudinal design |
People are followed repeatedly from one test occasion to another; observing and studying people as they age |
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Time of measurement |
Year or period in which a person is tested; measurement of current influences on individuals being tested |
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Time of measurement effects |
Social, historical, and cultural influences that are presently affecting people participating in developmental research |
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Longitudinal design |
People are followed repeatedly from one test occasion to another; observing and studying people as they age |
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Prospective study |
Where researchers draw from a population of interest before the sample develops a particular type of illness or experiences a particular type of life event |
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Time of measurement |
Year or period in which a person is tested; measurement of current influences on individuals being tested |
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Time of measurement effects |
Social, historical, and cultural influences that are presently affecting people participating in developmental research |
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Longitudinal design |
People are followed repeatedly from one test occasion to another; observing and studying people as they age |
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Prospective study |
Where researchers draw from a population of interest before the sample develops a particular type of illness or experiences a particular type of life event |
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Selective attrition |
The fact that the people who dropped out of a longitudinal study or not necessarily representative of the sample that was originally tested |
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Terminal decline |
Individuals gradually lose their cognitive abilities as they draw closer to death |
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Cross-sectional design |
Researchers compare groups of people with different ages at one point in time |
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Sequential design |
Data collection strategies consisting of different combinations of the variables of age, cohort, and tired of measurement; involves a "sequence" of studies |
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Cross-sectional design |
Researchers compare groups of people with different ages at one point in time |
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Sequential design |
Data collection strategies consisting of different combinations of the variables of age, cohort, and tired of measurement; involves a "sequence" of studies |
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Most Efficient Design |
A set of three designs manipulating the variables of age, cohort, and time of measurement |
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Time sequential design |
Where the data are organized by age and time of measurement |
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Cross-sectional design |
Researchers compare groups of people with different ages at one point in time |
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Sequential design |
Data collection strategies consisting of different combinations of the variables of age, cohort, and tired of measurement; involves a "sequence" of studies |
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Most Efficient Design |
A set of three designs manipulating the variables of age, cohort, and time of measurement |
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Time sequential design |
Where the data are organized by age and time of measurement |
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Cohort sequential design |
Where cohorts are compared at different ages |
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Cross sequential design |
Where cohort are examined at different times of measurement (the only design that does not specifically include age as a factor) |
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Correlational design |
Where relationships are observed among variables as they exist in the world |
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Bivariate relationship |
Statistical relationship between two variables |
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Multivariate correlational design |
A research design where researchers simultaneously evaluate the effects of more than two variables |
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Mediation |
Where the correlation between two variables is compared with and without their joint correlation to a third variable |
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Multivariate correlational design |
A research design where researchers simultaneously evaluate the effects of more than two variables |
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Mediation |
Where the correlation between two variables is compared with and without their joint correlation to a third variable |
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Moderation |
Went to variables are believed to have a joint influence on the third |
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Path analysis |
Researchers test are possible correlations among a set of variables to see if they can be explained by single model |
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Multivariate correlational design |
A research design where researchers simultaneously evaluate the effects of more than two variables |
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Mediation |
Where the correlation between two variables is compared with and without their joint correlation to a third variable |
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Moderation |
Went to variables are believed to have a joint influence on the third |
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Path analysis |
Researchers test are possible correlations among a set of variables to see if they can be explained by single model |
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Latent variable |
A statistical composition of several variables that were actually measured |
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Structural equation modeling (SEM) |
Researchers test models involved in relationships that include latent variable's |
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Multivariate correlational design |
A research design where researchers simultaneously evaluate the effects of more than two variables |
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Mediation |
Where the correlation between two variables is compared with and without their joint correlation to a third variable |
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Moderation |
Went to variables are believed to have a joint influence on the third |
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Path analysis |
Researchers test are possible correlations among a set of variables to see if they can be explained by single model |
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Latent variable |
A statistical composition of several variables that were actually measured |
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Structural equation modeling (SEM) |
Researchers test models involved in relationships that include latent variable's |
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Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) |
Individual patterns of change are examined overtime rather than simply comparing means scores of people at different ages |
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Multivariate correlational design |
A research design where researchers simultaneously evaluate the effects of more than two variables |
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Mediation |
Where the correlation between two variables is compared with and without their joint correlation to a third variable |
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Moderation |
Went to variables are believed to have a joint influence on the third |
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Path analysis |
Researchers test are possible correlations among a set of variables to see if they can be explained by single model |
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Latent variable |
A statistical composition of several variables that were actually measured |
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Structural equation modeling (SEM) |
Researchers test models involved in relationships that include latent variable's |
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Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) |
Individual patterns of change are examined overtime rather than simply comparing means scores of people at different ages |
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Multiple regression analysis |
The predictor variables are regarded as equivalent to the independent variable's, in the variable that is predicted is regarded as equivalent to a dependent variable |
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Logistic regression |
Where researchers test the likelihood of an individual receiving a score on a discrete yes-no variable |
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Multivariate correlational design |
A research design where researchers simultaneously evaluate the effects of more than two variables |
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Qualitative method |
When researchers use the flexible approach to understand the main themes in their data; captures potentially relevant factors within a broad spectrum of possible influences; allows for the exploration of such complex relationships outside the near restrictions and assumptions of quantitative methods |
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Mediation |
Where the correlation between two variables is compared with and without their joint correlation to a third variable |
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Moderation |
Went to variables are believed to have a joint influence on the third |
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Path analysis |
Researchers test are possible correlations among a set of variables to see if they can be explained by single model |
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Latent variable |
A statistical composition of several variables that were actually measured |
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Structural equation modeling (SEM) |
Researchers test models involved in relationships that include latent variable's |
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Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) |
Individual patterns of change are examined overtime rather than simply comparing means scores of people at different ages |
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Multiple regression analysis |
The predictor variables are regarded as equivalent to the independent variable's, in the variable that is predicted is regarded as equivalent to a dependent variable |
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Logistic regression |
Where researchers test the likelihood of an individual receiving a score on a discrete yes-no variable |
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Laboratory studies |
Where participants are tested in a systemic fashion using standardize procedures; considered the most objective way of collecting data |
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Multivariate correlational design |
A research design where researchers simultaneously evaluate the effects of more than two variables |
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Qualitative method |
When researchers use the flexible approach to understand the main themes in their data; captures potentially relevant factors within a broad spectrum of possible influences; allows for the exploration of such complex relationships outside the near restrictions and assumptions of quantitative methods |
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Archival research |
Investigators use existing resources that contain data relevant to a question about aging |
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Survey method |
A way to gain information about a sample that can be generalized to a large population; typically short and easily administered |
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Mediation |
Where the correlation between two variables is compared with and without their joint correlation to a third variable |
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Moderation |
Went to variables are believed to have a joint influence on the third |
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Path analysis |
Researchers test are possible correlations among a set of variables to see if they can be explained by single model |
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Latent variable |
A statistical composition of several variables that were actually measured |
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Structural equation modeling (SEM) |
Researchers test models involved in relationships that include latent variable's |
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Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) |
Individual patterns of change are examined overtime rather than simply comparing means scores of people at different ages |
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Multiple regression analysis |
The predictor variables are regarded as equivalent to the independent variable's, in the variable that is predicted is regarded as equivalent to a dependent variable |
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Logistic regression |
Where researchers test the likelihood of an individual receiving a score on a discrete yes-no variable |
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Laboratory studies |
Where participants are tested in a systemic fashion using standardize procedures; considered the most objective way of collecting data |
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Multivariate correlational design |
A research design where researchers simultaneously evaluate the effects of more than two variables |
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Qualitative method |
When researchers use the flexible approach to understand the main themes in their data; captures potentially relevant factors within a broad spectrum of possible influences; allows for the exploration of such complex relationships outside the near restrictions and assumptions of quantitative methods |
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Archival research |
Investigators use existing resources that contain data relevant to a question about aging |
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Survey method |
A way to gain information about a sample that can be generalized to a large population; typically short and easily administered |
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Epidemiology |
The study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events (including disease), and the application of the study to the control of diseases and other health problems |
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Prevalence statistics |
Provide estimates of the percentage of people who have ever had symptoms in a particular period |
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Mediation |
Where the correlation between two variables is compared with and without their joint correlation to a third variable |
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Moderation |
Went to variables are believed to have a joint influence on the third |
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Path analysis |
Researchers test are possible correlations among a set of variables to see if they can be explained by single model |
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Latent variable |
A statistical composition of several variables that were actually measured |
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Structural equation modeling (SEM) |
Researchers test models involved in relationships that include latent variable's |
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Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) |
Individual patterns of change are examined overtime rather than simply comparing means scores of people at different ages |
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Multiple regression analysis |
The predictor variables are regarded as equivalent to the independent variable's, in the variable that is predicted is regarded as equivalent to a dependent variable |
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Logistic regression |
Where researchers test the likelihood of an individual receiving a score on a discrete yes-no variable |
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Laboratory studies |
Where participants are tested in a systemic fashion using standardize procedures; considered the most objective way of collecting data |
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Multivariate correlational design |
A research design where researchers simultaneously evaluate the effects of more than two variables |
|
|
|
Qualitative method |
When researchers use the flexible approach to understand the main themes in their data; captures potentially relevant factors within a broad spectrum of possible influences; allows for the exploration of such complex relationships outside the near restrictions and assumptions of quantitative methods |
|
|
|
Archival research |
Investigators use existing resources that contain data relevant to a question about aging |
|
|
|
Survey method |
A way to gain information about a sample that can be generalized to a large population; typically short and easily administered |
|
|
|
Epidemiology |
The study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events (including disease), and the application of the study to the control of diseases and other health problems |
|
|
|
Prevalence statistics |
Provide estimates of the percentage of people who have ever had symptoms in a particular period |
|
|
|
Mediation |
Where the correlation between two variables is compared with and without their joint correlation to a third variable |
|
|
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Moderation |
Went to variables are believed to have a joint influence on the third |
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Path analysis |
Researchers test are possible correlations among a set of variables to see if they can be explained by single model |
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Latent variable |
A statistical composition of several variables that were actually measured |
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|
Structural equation modeling (SEM) |
Researchers test models involved in relationships that include latent variable's |
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Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) |
Individual patterns of change are examined overtime rather than simply comparing means scores of people at different ages |
|
|
|
Multiple regression analysis |
The predictor variables are regarded as equivalent to the independent variable's, in the variable that is predicted is regarded as equivalent to a dependent variable |
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Logistic regression |
Where researchers test the likelihood of an individual receiving a score on a discrete yes-no variable |
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Laboratory studies |
Where participants are tested in a systemic fashion using standardize procedures; considered the most objective way of collecting data |
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Incidence statistics |
Provide estimates of the percentage of people who first developed symptoms in a given period |
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Case report |
Summarizes the findings from multiple sources for those individuals; data may be integrated from interviews, psychological test, observations, archival records, etc. |
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Focus group |
A meeting of respondents asked to provide feedback about a particular topic of interest; an investigator attempted identify important themes in the discussion and keep the conversation oriented to these themes |
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Daily diary method |
Researchers draw conclusions about behavior through careful and systemic examination in particular settings; recordings may be made using video tapes or behavioral records |
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Meta-analysis |
A statistical procedure that allows them to combine findings from independently conducted studies |
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Reliability |
A measures consistency and whether it produces the same results each time it is used |
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Validity |
The test measures what it is supposed to measure |
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Debriefing |
Information at studies completion about it's true purpose |
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Epidermis |
Outermost layer of the skin consisting of a thin covering of cells that protects underlying; lose regular patterning overtime |
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Debriefing |
Information at studies completion about it's true purpose |
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Epidermis |
Outermost layer of the skin consisting of a thin covering of cells that protects underlying; lose regular patterning overtime |
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Dermis |
Middle of skin, made up of connective tissue, among which resides nerve cells, glands, and the hair follicles reside |
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Subcutaneous |
Fat layer is the bottom most layer of skin, giving the skin it's opacity in smoothing the curves of the arms, legs, and face; layer starts to thin starting in middle adulthood |
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Lentigo senilis |
Age spots |
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Angiomas |
Small blood vessels on the skin surface |
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Photoaging |
Age changes caused from radiation from the sun |
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Androgenetic alopecia |
Male and female pattern hair loss; causes hair follicles to stop producing terminal hair and instead produce vellus hair |
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Photoaging |
Age changes caused from radiation from the sun |
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Androgenetic alopecia |
Male and female pattern hair loss; causes hair follicles to stop producing terminal hair and instead produce vellus hair |
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Terminal hair |
Long, thick, pigmented hair |
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Vellus hair |
Short, fine, unpigmented and largely invisible hair |
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Fat-free mass (FFM) |
The body's lean tissue |
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Fat-free mass (FFM) |
The body's lean tissue |
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Body mass index (BMI) |
And index used to estimate body fat; calculated by dividing weight by height |
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Sarcopenia |
Progressive age related loss of muscle mass with the consequent loss of strength |
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Bone remodeling |
Where old cells are destroyed and replaced by new cells |
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Sarcopenia |
Progressive age related loss of muscle mass with the consequent loss of strength |
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Bone remodeling |
Where old cells are destroyed and replaced by new cells |
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Plaque |
Hard deposits inside the arterial walls consisting of cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin |
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Aerobic capacity |
Maximum amount of oxygen that can be delivered through the blood |
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Fibrin |
Clotting material in the blood |
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Cardiac output |
Amount of blood that the heart pumps per minute |
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High density lipoproteins (HDLs) |
The plasma lipid transport mechanism that carries lipids from the peripheral tissues to the liver where they are excreted or synthesized into bile acids |
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Low-density lipoproteins (LDPs) |
Transport cholesterol to the arteries |
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Alveoli |
Tiny air sacs where the exchange of gases takes place |
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Lung age |
A mathematical function showing how old your lung is based on a combination of your age and a measure obtained from a spirometer called forced expiratory volume |
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Nephrons |
Cells in the kidneys that serve millions of tiny filters that cleanse the blood of metabolic waste |
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Lung age |
A mathematical function showing how old your lung is based on a combination of your age and a measure obtained from a spirometer called forced expiratory volume |
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Nephrons |
Cells in the kidneys that serve millions of tiny filters that cleanse the blood of metabolic waste |
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Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) |
The volume of fluid filtered through the kidneys |
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Urge incontinence |
A form of urinary incontinence in which individual experiences a sudden need to urinate and may even leak urine |
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Stress incontinence |
The inability to retain urine while engaging in some form of physical exertion |
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Overactive bladder |
In addition to incontinence, symptoms include a need to urinate more frequently than normal |
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Endocrine system |
A large and diverse set of glands that regulate the actions of the bodies organ systems (referred to as "target"organs) |
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Hormones |
Chemical messengers produced by the endocrine systems |
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Endocrine system |
A large and diverse set of glands that regulate the actions of the bodies organ systems (referred to as "target"organs) |
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Hormones |
Chemical messengers produced by the endocrine systems |
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Hypothalamus releasing factors (HRFs) |
Hormones produced by the hypothalamus, regulate the secretion of hormones in turn produced by the anterior pituitary gland |
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Somatopause of aging |
A decline in the somatotrophic axis |
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Endocrine system |
A large and diverse set of glands that regulate the actions of the bodies organ systems (referred to as "target"organs) |
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Hormones |
Chemical messengers produced by the endocrine systems |
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Hypothalamus releasing factors (HRFs) |
Hormones produced by the hypothalamus, regulate the secretion of hormones in turn produced by the anterior pituitary gland |
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Somatopause of aging |
A decline in the somatotrophic axis |
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Cortisol |
The hormone produced by the adrenal gland that energizes the body, making it ready to react to a stressful encounter; known as the "stress hormone" |
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Glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis |
That idea that aging causes dangerous increases in cortisol levels |
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Basal metabolic rate (BMR) |
The rate of metabolism; controlled by hormones produced by the thyroid gland, located in the neck |
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Glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis |
That idea that aging causes dangerous increases in cortisol levels |
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Basal metabolic rate (BMR) |
The rate of metabolism; controlled by hormones produced by the thyroid gland, located in the neck |
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Melatonin |
Hormone manufactured by the penial gland located deep within the brainstem; partly control sleep wake cycles |
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Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) |
A weak male steroid (androgen) produced by the adrenal glands |
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Circadian rhythm |
Daily variations in various bodily functions |
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Circadian rhythm |
Daily variations in various bodily functions |
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Adrenopause |
The phenomenon where DHEA, which is higher in males and females, shows pronounced decrease over the adult years |
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Circadian rhythm |
Daily variations in various bodily functions |
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Adrenopause |
The phenomenon where DHEA, which is higher in males and females, shows pronounced decrease over the adult years |
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Climacteric |
Gradual winding down of a reproductive ability in men and women |
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Perimenopause |
A 3 to 5 year span in which a woman gradually loses her reproductive ability |
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Circadian rhythm |
Daily variations in various bodily functions |
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Adrenopause |
The phenomenon where DHEA, which is higher in males and females, shows pronounced decrease over the adult years |
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Climacteric |
Gradual winding down of a reproductive ability in men and women |
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Perimenopause |
A 3 to 5 year span in which a woman gradually loses her reproductive ability |
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Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) |
I therapeutic administration of lower doses of estrogen than in estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) along with progestin to reduce the cancer risk associated with (ERT) |
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Andropause |
Age-related declines in the male sex hormone testosterone |
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Immune senescence |
Widespread age-related decline's in immune system functioning |
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Andropause |
Age-related declines in the male sex hormone testosterone |
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Immune senescence |
Widespread age-related decline's in immune system functioning |
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Neuronal fallout model |
The hypothesis that individuals progressively lose brain tissue over the lifespan because neurons do not have the ability to replace themselves when they die |
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Plasticity model |
Poses that neurons which remain alive are able to take over the function of those that die |
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Andropause |
Age-related declines in the male sex hormone testosterone |
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Immune senescence |
Widespread age-related decline's in immune system functioning |
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Neuronal fallout model |
The hypothesis that individuals progressively lose brain tissue over the lifespan because neurons do not have the ability to replace themselves when they die |
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Plasticity model |
Poses that neurons which remain alive are able to take over the function of those that die |
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Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in older adults (HAROLD) model |
The brains of older adults become activated in opposite hemisphere when the original area suffers deficits |
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Posterior Anterior Shift with Aging (PASA) model |
Proposes at the front (interior) of the brain in older adults becomes more responsive to make up for the lower responsiveness found in the rear (posterior) of the brain |
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Andropause |
Age-related declines in the male sex hormone testosterone |
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Immune senescence |
Widespread age-related decline's in immune system functioning |
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Neuronal fallout model |
The hypothesis that individuals progressively lose brain tissue over the lifespan because neurons do not have the ability to replace themselves when they die |
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Plasticity model |
Poses that neurons which remain alive are able to take over the function of those that die |
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Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in older adults (HAROLD) model |
The brains of older adults become activated in opposite hemisphere when the original area suffers deficits |
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Posterior Anterior Shift with Aging (PASA) model |
Proposes at the front (interior) of the brain in older adults becomes more responsive to make up for the lower responsiveness found in the rear (posterior) of the brain |
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Compensation Related Utilization of Neural Circuits Hypothesis (CRUNCH) model |
Proposes that the demands of cognitively challenging tasks cause an overall excitation of brain activity in older adults |
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Age related macular degeneration (ARMD) |
A condition caused by damage to the photo receptors located in the central region of the retina known as the macula |
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Presbycusis |
An age-related hearing loss due to degenerative changes in the cochlea or auditory nerve leading from the cochlea to the brain |
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Age related macular degeneration (ARMD) |
A condition caused by damage to the photo receptors located in the central region of the retina known as the macula |
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Presbycusis |
An age-related hearing loss due to degenerative changes in the cochlea or auditory nerve leading from the cochlea to the brain |
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Tinnitus |
I sent in which individual perceives sounds in the head or ear (ringing in the ear) when there is no external source |
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Age related macular degeneration (ARMD) |
A condition caused by damage to the photo receptors located in the central region of the retina known as the macula |
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Presbycusis |
An age-related hearing loss due to degenerative changes in the cochlea or auditory nerve leading from the cochlea to the brain |
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Tinnitus |
I sent in which individual perceives sounds in the head or ear (ringing in the ear) when there is no external source |
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Vertigo |
Refers to the sensation of spinning when the bodies at rest |
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Activities of daily living (ADLs) |
Individuals ability to complete the tasks of bathing, dressing, transferring, using the toilet, and eating |
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Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) |
The ability to use the telephone, go shopping, prepare meals, complete housekeeping tasks, do laundry, use private or public transportation, take medications, and handle finances |
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Atherosclerosis |
A form of cardiovascular disease where fatty deposits collect at an abnormally high rate within the arteries, substantially reducing there width and limiting the circulation of blood |
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Coronary (ischemic) heart disease |
A condition caused by atherosclerosis, which blocks the blood supply to the heart muscle |
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Atherosclerosis |
A form of cardiovascular disease where fatty deposits collect at an abnormally high rate within the arteries, substantially reducing there width and limiting the circulation of blood |
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Coronary (ischemic) heart disease |
A condition caused by atherosclerosis, which blocks the blood supply to the heart muscle |
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Myocardial infarction |
An acute condition in which the blood supply to part of the heart muscle is severely reduced or blocked |
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Hypertension |
I disease in which an individual chronically suffers from abnormally elevated blood pressure |
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Systolic |
The pressure exerted by the blood as it is pushed out of the heart during contraction |
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Diastolic |
The pressure when the blood is relaxed between beats |
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Systolic |
The pressure exerted by the blood as it is pushed out of the heart during contraction |
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Diastolic |
The pressure when the blood is relaxed between beats |
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Arteriosclerosis |
A general term for the thickening and hardening of arteries |
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Congestive heart failure |
A condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the needs of the bodies other organs |
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Systolic |
The pressure exerted by the blood as it is pushed out of the heart during contraction |
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Diastolic |
The pressure when the blood is relaxed between beats |
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Arteriosclerosis |
A general term for the thickening and hardening of arteries |
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Congestive heart failure |
A condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the needs of the bodies other organs |
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Edema |
Condition in which fluids build up in individuals bodies |
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Cerebrovascular accident |
Also known as a stroke or brain attack, and acute condition in which an artery leading to the brain burst or is clogged by a blood clot or other particle |
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Systolic |
The pressure exerted by the blood as it is pushed out of the heart during contraction |
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Diastolic |
The pressure when the blood is relaxed between beats |
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Arteriosclerosis |
A general term for the thickening and hardening of arteries |
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Congestive heart failure |
A condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the needs of the bodies other organs |
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Edema |
Condition in which fluids build up in individuals bodies |
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Cerebrovascular accident |
Also known as a stroke or brain attack, and acute condition in which an artery leading to the brain burst or is clogged by a blood clot or other particle |
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Systolic |
The pressure exerted by the blood as it is pushed out of the heart during contraction |
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Diastolic |
The pressure when the blood is relaxed between beats |
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|
Arteriosclerosis |
A general term for the thickening and hardening of arteries |
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|
|
Congestive heart failure |
A condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the needs of the bodies other organs |
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Edema |
Condition in which fluids build up in individuals bodies |
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Cerebrovascular accident |
Also known as a stroke or brain attack, and acute condition in which an artery leading to the brain burst or is clogged by a blood clot or other particle |
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Transient ischemic attack (TIA) |
A condition caused by the development of clots in the cerebral artery; also called a mini stroke |
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Stroke belt |
Includes the 8 to 12 states in the south eastern US |
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Transient ischemic attack (TIA) |
A condition caused by the development of clots in the cerebral artery; also called a mini stroke |
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Stroke belt |
Includes the 8 to 12 states in the south eastern US |
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Metabolic syndrome |
A cluster of symptoms associated with high risk factors for cardiovascular and other diseases, including high-level's of abdominal obesity, high blood fats, abnormal levels of blood class royale, hypertension, and high glucose |
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Transient ischemic attack (TIA) |
A condition caused by the development of clots in the cerebral artery; also called a mini stroke |
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Stroke belt |
Includes the 8 to 12 states in the south eastern US |
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Metabolic syndrome |
A cluster of symptoms associated with high risk factors for cardiovascular and other diseases, including high-level's of abdominal obesity, high blood fats, abnormal levels of blood class royale, hypertension, and high glucose |
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Arthritis |
A general term for conditions affecting the joints and surrounding tissues that can cause pain, stiffness, and swelling in joints and other connective tissue's |
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Osteoarthritis |
A painful, generative joint disease that often involves the hips, knees, neck, lower back, or the small joints of the hands |
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Transient ischemic attack (TIA) |
A condition caused by the development of clots in the cerebral artery; also called a mini stroke |
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Stroke belt |
Includes the 8 to 12 states in the south eastern US |
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Metabolic syndrome |
A cluster of symptoms associated with high risk factors for cardiovascular and other diseases, including high-level's of abdominal obesity, high blood fats, abnormal levels of blood class royale, hypertension, and high glucose |
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Arthritis |
A general term for conditions affecting the joints and surrounding tissues that can cause pain, stiffness, and swelling in joints and other connective tissue's |
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Osteoarthritis |
A painful, generative joint disease that often involves the hips, knees, neck, lower back, or the small joints of the hands |
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Osteoporosis |
Disease that occurs when the bone mineral density reaches the point that is more than 2.5 standard deviation's below the mean of young |
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Hyperglycemia |
When blood glucose levels become too high |
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Hypoglycemia |
When blood glucose levels become too low |
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Transient ischemic attack (TIA) |
A condition caused by the development of clots in the cerebral artery; also called a mini stroke |
|
|
|
Stroke belt |
Includes the 8 to 12 states in the south eastern US |
|
|
|
Metabolic syndrome |
A cluster of symptoms associated with high risk factors for cardiovascular and other diseases, including high-level's of abdominal obesity, high blood fats, abnormal levels of blood class royale, hypertension, and high glucose |
|
|
|
Arthritis |
A general term for conditions affecting the joints and surrounding tissues that can cause pain, stiffness, and swelling in joints and other connective tissue's |
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|
|
Osteoarthritis |
A painful, generative joint disease that often involves the hips, knees, neck, lower back, or the small joints of the hands |
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Osteoporosis |
Disease that occurs when the bone mineral density reaches the point that is more than 2.5 standard deviation's below the mean of young |
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Hyperglycemia |
When blood glucose levels become too high |
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Hypoglycemia |
When blood glucose levels become too low |
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) |
A group of diseases that involves obstruction of the airflow into the respiratory system |
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Elastase |
And enzyme that breaks down the elastin found in lung tissue |
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Amyloid plaque |
The formation of abnormal deposits of protein fragments |
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Tau |
The protein that makes up neurofibrillary tangles |
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Aphasia |
The loss of language ability |
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apraxia |
The loss of the ability to carry out or coordinated movement |
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Agnosia |
The loss of the ability to recognize familiar objects |
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Vascular neurocognitive disorder |
Progressive loss of cognitive functioning due to damage to the arteries supplying the brain |
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Multi infarct dementia (MID) |
The most common form of vascular neurocognitive disorder; caused by transient ischemic attacks |
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Aphasia |
The loss of language ability |
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apraxia |
The loss of the ability to carry out or coordinated movement |
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Agnosia |
The loss of the ability to recognize familiar objects |
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Vascular neurocognitive disorder |
Progressive loss of cognitive functioning due to damage to the arteries supplying the brain |
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Multi infarct dementia (MID) |
The most common form of vascular neurocognitive disorder; caused by transient ischemic attacks |
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Frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder (FTD) |
Neurocognitive disorder that involves pacifically the frontal lobe of the brain; individuals experience personality changes |
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Parkinson's disease |
A disease that shows a variety of motor disturbances including tremors, speech impediments, slowing of movement, etc |
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Aphasia |
The loss of language ability |
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apraxia |
The loss of the ability to carry out or coordinated movement |
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Agnosia |
The loss of the ability to recognize familiar objects |
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Vascular neurocognitive disorder |
Progressive loss of cognitive functioning due to damage to the arteries supplying the brain |
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Multi infarct dementia (MID) |
The most common form of vascular neurocognitive disorder; caused by transient ischemic attacks |
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|
Frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder (FTD) |
Neurocognitive disorder that involves pacifically the frontal lobe of the brain; individuals experience personality changes |
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Parkinson's disease |
A disease that shows a variety of motor disturbances including tremors, speech impediments, slowing of movement, etc |
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Aphasia |
The loss of language ability |
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|
apraxia |
The loss of the ability to carry out or coordinated movement |
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|
Agnosia |
The loss of the ability to recognize familiar objects |
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|
Vascular neurocognitive disorder |
Progressive loss of cognitive functioning due to damage to the arteries supplying the brain |
|
|
|
Multi infarct dementia (MID) |
The most common form of vascular neurocognitive disorder; caused by transient ischemic attacks |
|
|
|
Frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder (FTD) |
Neurocognitive disorder that involves pacifically the frontal lobe of the brain; individuals experience personality changes |
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|
Parkinson's disease |
A disease that shows a variety of motor disturbances including tremors, speech impediments, slowing of movement, etc |
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Picks disease |
A form of dementia that involves severe atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobe's |
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Reversible neurocognitive disorder's |
Disorders due to the presence of a medical condition that affects but does not destroy brain tissue |
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Aphasia |
The loss of language ability |
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Wernickes disease |
An acute condition caused by chronic alcohol abuse involving delirium, eye movement disturbances, difficulties maintaining balance and movement, and deterioration of the nerves of the hands and feet |
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apraxia |
The loss of the ability to carry out or coordinated movement |
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Agnosia |
The loss of the ability to recognize familiar objects |
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Vascular neurocognitive disorder |
Progressive loss of cognitive functioning due to damage to the arteries supplying the brain |
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Multi infarct dementia (MID) |
The most common form of vascular neurocognitive disorder; caused by transient ischemic attacks |
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Frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder (FTD) |
Neurocognitive disorder that involves pacifically the frontal lobe of the brain; individuals experience personality changes |
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Parkinson's disease |
A disease that shows a variety of motor disturbances including tremors, speech impediments, slowing of movement, etc |
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Picks disease |
A form of dementia that involves severe atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobe's |
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Reversible neurocognitive disorder's |
Disorders due to the presence of a medical condition that affects but does not destroy brain tissue |
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Subdural hematoma |
Blood clot that creates pressure on brain tissue |
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Aphasia |
The loss of language ability |
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Wernickes disease |
An acute condition caused by chronic alcohol abuse involving delirium, eye movement disturbances, difficulties maintaining balance and movement, and deterioration of the nerves of the hands and feet |
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Korsakoff syndrome |
A form of dementia progressing from Wernick's disease to a chronic form of alcohol induced neurocognitive disorder |
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Pseudo dementia |
A condition where cognitive symptoms appear, causing impairment similar to neurocognitive disorder |
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apraxia |
The loss of the ability to carry out or coordinated movement |
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|
|
Agnosia |
The loss of the ability to recognize familiar objects |
|
|
|
Vascular neurocognitive disorder |
Progressive loss of cognitive functioning due to damage to the arteries supplying the brain |
|
|
|
Multi infarct dementia (MID) |
The most common form of vascular neurocognitive disorder; caused by transient ischemic attacks |
|
|
|
Frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder (FTD) |
Neurocognitive disorder that involves pacifically the frontal lobe of the brain; individuals experience personality changes |
|
|
|
Parkinson's disease |
A disease that shows a variety of motor disturbances including tremors, speech impediments, slowing of movement, etc |
|
|
|
Picks disease |
A form of dementia that involves severe atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobe's |
|
|
|
Reversible neurocognitive disorder's |
Disorders due to the presence of a medical condition that affects but does not destroy brain tissue |
|
|
|
Subdural hematoma |
Blood clot that creates pressure on brain tissue |
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