Psyc 30

Front 1

MONISM

Back 1

MIND AND BRAIN ARE THE SAME THING,THERES NOTHING SPECIAL TO SEPARATE THEM FROM EACH OTHER. mind is product of actvity in the brain and NS

Front 2

DUALSIM

Back 2

soul (nonmaterial) and brain (matter). body is mechanistic and mind is separate and nonphysical

Front 3

DESCARTES

Back 3

FATHER OF DUALISM
IDEA OF FLUIDS PRODUCING MOVEMENT
CREATED IDEA OF MIND-BODY DUALISM

Front 4

describe the support for monism

Back 4

modern neurosciences use monism rather than dualism.
personality, memory, etc are all activity of the brain.

Front 5

fritsch and hitzig

Back 5

localization of motor function in the cerebral cortex

Front 6

Broca

Back 6

localization of speech production

Front 7

Galvani

Back 7

electricity transmits messages in the nervous system

Front 8

histology

Back 8

the study of cells and tissues on the microscopic level

Front 9

computerized tomography (ct)

Back 9

imaging technology in which computers are used to enhance xray images

Front 10

positron emission tomography (pet)

Back 10

shows what activity is happening in the brain. 1st one to do this

Front 11

magnetic response imaging (mri)

Back 11

very high-resolution images
uses magnetism and radio freq waves

Front 12

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Back 12

studies activity of brain through recordings from electrodes placed on the scalp

Front 13

lesion and why they are used

Back 13

pathological or traumatic damage to tissue from stroke or accident.
used to determine the function of an area

Front 14

brain stimulation: why its used

Back 14

we do this to localize functions within the brain and nervous system. you artificially stimulate an area to see what happens. this creates a map of functions.

Front 15

asomatagnosia (the man who fell out of bed)

Back 15

damage to the parietal lobe
didnt recognize his own leg

Front 16

ablation

Back 16

the surgical removal of tissue

Front 17

twin studies

Back 17

studying contributions of genetic and nongenetic factors to behavior

Front 18

neuraxis

Back 18

an imaginary line that runs the length of the spinal cord to the front of the brain

Front 19

meninges

Back 19

the layers of membranes that cover the central nervous system and the peripheral nerves

Front 20

ventricles

Back 20

four hoolow spaces withing the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid

Front 21

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Back 21

the special plasmalike fluid circulation within the ventricles of the brain, the certral canal of the spinal cord and the subarachnoid space

Front 22

central nervous system (CNS)

Back 22

the brain and the spinal cord

Front 23

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Back 23

the nerves exiting the brain and spinal cord that serve sensory and motor functions for the rest of the body

Front 24

forebrain

Back 24

the division of the brain containing the diencephalon and the telencephalon

Front 25

midbrain

Back 25

the division of the brain lying between the hindbrain and forebrain

Front 26

hindbrain

Back 26

the most caudal division of the brain including the medulla, pons and cerebellum

Front 27

nucleus/nuclei

Back 27

a collection of cell bodies that share a function

Front 28

medulla

Back 28

the mos caudal part of the hindbrain

Front 29

cerebellum

Back 29

the hindbrain structure connecte to the dorsal pons thats responsible for balance, muscle tone, muscle coordination and possibly higher cognitive functions in humans

Front 30

tectum

Back 30

the "roof" or dorsal half of the midbrain

Front 31

tegmentum

Back 31

the ventral half of the midbrain

Front 32

periaqueductal gray

Back 32

gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain that is believed to play a role in sensation of pain

Front 33

substantia nigra

Back 33

dopaminergic midbrain nuclei that communicate with the basal ganglia of the forebrain

Front 34

reticular formation

Back 34

a collection of brainstem nuclei located near the midline from the rostral medulla up ino the midbrain that regulate arousal

Front 35

superior colliculi

Back 35

a pair of bumpson the dorsal surface of the midbrain that coordinate visually guided movements

Front 36

thalamus

Back 36

a structure in the diencephalon that serves as a sensory relay station

Front 37

hypothalamus

Back 37

a structure found in the dienc. that participates in the regulation of hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, and aggresion. part of the limbic system

Front 38

basal ganglia

Back 38

a collection of nuclei withing the cerebral hemispheres that participate in the control of movement

Front 39

limbic system

Back 39

a collection of forebrain structures that participate in emotional and motivational behavior

Front 40

lobes

Back 40

one of the four major areas of the cortex: frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital

Front 41

corpus callosum

Back 41

a wide band of axons connecting the right and left cerbral hemispheres

Front 42

frontal laboomy

Back 42

a surgical procedure in which a large portion of the frontal lobes is separated from the rest of the brain

Front 43

action potential

Back 43

the nerve impuls arising in the axon

Front 44

glia

Back 44

cells in the nervous system that support the activities of neurons

Front 45

axon

Back 45

the process or branch of a neuron usually responsible for carrying signals to other neurons

Front 46

dendrite

Back 46

the process of a neron that generally receives information from other neurons

Front 47

soma (cell body)

Back 47

the main mass of the neuron containing the nucleus and many organelles

Front 48

neurotransmitter

Back 48

chemical messenger that transfers information across a synapse

Front 49

ion channel

Back 49

protein structure embedded in the cell membrane that allows ions to pass without the use of additional energy

Front 50

ion pump

Back 50

protein structure embedded in the cell membrane that uses energy to move ions across the membrane

Front 51

microtubule

Back 51

the largest fiber in the cell cytoskeleton responsible for the transport of neurotransmittes and other products to and from the cell body

Front 52

sodium-potassium pump

Back 52

ion pump that uses energy to transfer three sodium ions to the extracellular fluid for every two potassium ions retrieved from the extracellular fluid

Front 53

mitochondria

Back 53

organelle that provides enegy to the cell by transforming pyruvic acid and oxygen into molecules of adeonosine triphosphate(ATP)

Front 54

dendritic spines

Back 54

bud on the dendrite that provides additional membrane aread for the formation of synapses with other neurons

Front 55

axon hillock

Back 55

the cone-shaped segment of the axon at the junction of the axon and cell body thats specialized for the generation of action potentials

Front 56

myelin

Back 56

the fatty insulating material covering some acons made up from the processes of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

Front 57

synaptic gap

Back 57

the tiny fluid filled space between neurons forming a synapse

Front 58

depolarization

Back 58

the movement of the electrical charge within a cell in a more positive direction

Front 59

hyperpolarization

Back 59

the movement of the electrical charge within a cell in a more negative direction

Front 60

threshold

Back 60

the level of depolarization at which an action potential will be initiated

Front 61

absolute refractory periods

Back 61

the period of time in which an action potential wil not occur in a particular location of an axon regardless of input

Front 62

relative refractory period

Back 62

the period following an action potential in which larger than normal input will produce a second action potential but in which normal input will be insufficient

Front 63

saltatory conduction

Back 63

the movement of an action potential from node of Ranvier down the length of a myelinated axon

Front 64

ribosomes

Back 64

organelles involved with protein synthesis

Front 65

afferent nerves
vs
efferent nerves

Back 65

carry sensory info
carry motor commands

Front 66

Phineas Gage

Back 66

the railroad worker who blew a iron rod through his head and gave himself a frontal labotomy. no memory loss but after he was very impulsive

Front 67

mesencephalon

Back 67

part of the midbrain that contains the tectum and the tementum

Front 68

myencephalon

Back 68

part of the hindbrain which contains the medulla oblongata

Front 69

hippocampus

Back 69

a structure deep within the cerbral hemispheres thats involved with the formation of long term memories, part of the limbic system

Front 70

motor cortex
vs
sensory cortex

Back 70

cortex devoted to motor func

cortex devoted to sensory func

Front 71

cranial nerves

Back 71

twelve pairs of nerves that exit the brain as part of the peripheral nervous system

Front 72

planes of section

Back 72

the three sections or planes that anatomists use to dissect the brain. 2 vertical (front to back and ear to ear) and 1 horiz (in half)

Front 73

cerebral cortex

Back 73

a thin layer of outer covering of the cerebral hemisphere. the hils are gyri and the valleys are sulci

Front 74

describe forebrain. what structures and functions are associated with the telencephalon and diencephalon

Back 74

its the front part of the brain which includes the limbic sys, basal ganlia, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex. its assoc with sensory relay ctr, regulation of basic func (hunger, thirst) and is the highest level of sensory and motor processing and cog act.

Front 75

define and describe the functions associated with the myelencephalon

Back 75

contains the medulla oblangata which is assoc with arousal and various other func such as cardiovascular system, breathing and muscle tone

Front 76

what are the primary cortices

Back 76

the primary motor, somatosensory, visual,and auditory

Front 77

what functions are associated with the hypothalamus

Back 77

regulation of hunger, thirst, sexual behavior and aggression

Front 78

describe an action potential. include a description of the actions of ion channels and ion fluxes (ie movement in and out)

Back 78

it begins at the axon hillock and cont the length of the axon. depolarization 2 threshold triggers opening of Na+ channels. entering Na ions make voltage inside neuron more pos. open of K+ near peak of AP allows K to leave the neuron. loss of K returns neurons to resting potential.

Front 79

how do action potentials and resting membrane potentials differ?

Back 79

in a resting potential, equilibrium occurs between K+ and Cl- so Na+ is prevented from entering the neuron. whereas in AP, the Na+ channels open

Front 80

what do the glia cells do?

Back 80

they support the activities of neurons

Front 81

what is the role of dendritic spines?

Back 81

it provides additinal membrane area for the formation of synapses with other neurons

Front 82

why are those specialized proteins in the cell membrane so important to the functioning of the neuron?

Back 82

because it acts like a sausage casing. it keeps certain things in and others out.

Front 83

what is meant by the phrase all-or-none

Back 83

action potentials are all or none. the size and shape are always the same.

Front 84

why are action potentials so critical

Back 84

we need them to have intercellular communication

Front 85

diffusion

Back 85

the force that moves molecules from areas of high concentration to ares of low concentration

Front 86

electric force

Back 86

opp attract and like forces repel

Front 87

afferent
vs
efferet

Back 87

to the brain
away from the brain

Front 88

if you had to take an ice cream scoop out of your cortex or a melon ball from the medulla which would you choose?

Back 88

ice cream bc the other would kill you

Front 89

primary motor cortex represents: trunk, lips, toes, none of above?

Back 89

lips

Front 90

inside the cell is it pos or neg at rest?

Back 90

its -65