Psyc

Front 1

diathesis

Back 1

vulnerability or predisposition to a disorder

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stress

Back 2

acts as a catalyst for diathesis, higher stress=higher probablility

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three criteria to classify a disorder

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deviant, distressing, dysfunctional

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DSM

Back 4

diagnostic and statistical manual, classifies disorders; 5 axes

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pro and con of DSM

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pros:high agreement and useful for research
con: implies illness

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generalized anxiety

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constant free-floating(cannot identify cause) tension and ANS arousal

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panic disorder

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sudden, intense fear and ANS arousal

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phobias

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intense, irrational fear of specific objects or situations

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obsessive compulsive disorder

Back 9

obsessions-unwanted, repetitive thoughts
compulsions-repetitive actions

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maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

Back 10

OCD, hoarding

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major depression

Back 11

bad mood drops really low accompanied by sleep disturbance, loss of appetite, lethargy, thoughts about death; each instance must last 2 weeks

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dsythymia

Back 12

persistent long lasting slightly negative mood

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bipolar disorder

Back 13

alternating between depressive and manic episodes; manic episodes accompanied by loss of sleep, distractability, racing thoughts, grandiose ideas

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psychological disorders

Back 14

biological factors: that influence brain chemistry
situational experiences: that lead to the development of the disorder
cognitive factors: that influence thoughts and attention

Front 15

anxiety disorders have

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biological components: increased sympathetic nervous system and activation of the amygdala
cognitive components: increased attention to fearful stimuli and interpret info as threatening
situational factors: strongly influenced by conditioning

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mood disorders have

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biological components: serotonin, biological rhythms
cognitive components: learned helplessness, attributions about negative events
situational factors: death and loss are strong factors

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schizophrenia

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largely biological disorder; positive symptoms such as delusional thinking, hallucinations, and word salad; negative symptoms such as inappropriate emotions or actions (catatonia)

Front 18

biomedical therapy

Back 18

treat biological causes or physiological symptoms;drug therapy, ECT

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psychotherapy

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talk therapy; treating cognitive, emotional, behavioral symptoms;

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drug therapy

Back 20

started by dev. of antipsychotics; pros: fast symptom reduction, time and cost effective
cons: seen as a quick fix, doesn't solve problem

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ECT

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electroshock therapy, electrically induced seizure, rarely used

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psychoanalytic therapy

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dev. by freud, goal to resolve unconscious childhood conflicts or desires; very time consuming and costly

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psychodynamic therapy

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based on freud, goal to interpret conflict in relationships, less intensive and draws attention to themes across relationships

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humanistic therapy

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client centered, goal to help people grow in self awareness and self acceptance, focus on present and concious

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behavior therapy

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based on psych research on learning, removes mind, goal to reduce maladaptive behaviors; uses counterconditioning and token economy

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counterconditioning

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uses classical conditioning techniques to get rid of unwanted behaviors

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token economy

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set up rewards for desired behaviors and receive token for doing desired things

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cognitive therapy

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thinking effects feeling, goal to teach new ways of thinking and acting, method use questions to highlight irrationalities in thoughts; effective with depression, anxiety

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third wave therapies

Back 29

focus on improving functioning, combine cognitive and behavioral techniques (CBT)

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ACT

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acceptance and commitment therapy, based on the assumption that life is suffering, goal to teach awareness and acceptance of thoughts, method cognitive diffusion or planning to act in accordance with values

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social psychology

Back 31

the scientific study of how individuals think and feel about, interact with, and influence each other, individually and in groups

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attribution

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a hypothesis about the cause of our own or others behavior

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dispositional attribution

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behavior is due to internal reasons, because of individual

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situational attribution

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behavior is due to external reasons, because of situation

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fundamental attribution error

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we underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences in others behavior(quiz show study)

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actor-observer effect

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when considering other people's behavior fundamental attribution error, when considering our own behavior self serving bias

Front 37

attitude

Back 37

a favorable or unfavorable evaluative reaction toward something or someone exhibited in one's beliefs, feelings, or intended behavior

Front 38

ABC dimensions of attitudes

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affect-feelings
behavior
cognition-thoughts

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mere exposure effect

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the more we are exposed to something the more we like it(chinese character study and mirror study)

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dual attitudes

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two different evaluations- explicit or conscious and implicit or unconcious

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foot in the door phenomenon

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if people first agree to a small request, they will later comply with a larger request

Front 42

low ball technique

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get someone to agree to a request and then up the ante (airport)

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cognitive dissonance theory

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tension that arises when one is aware of two inconsistent cognitions; motivates changing either attitude or behavior

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insufficient justification

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attitude change is more likely($1 vs $20), no justification=change in attitude, alternative justification=no change

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conformity

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a change in behavior or beliefs as a result of real or imagined social pressure; two types: compliance and acceptance

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compliance

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publicly acting in accord with social pressure while privately disagreeing

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acceptance

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acting and believing in accord with social pressure(saying yes, believing yes)

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normative social influence

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behavior shaped by a desire to fulfill others expectations, likely to result in compliance (asch's line study)

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informational social influence

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evidence about reality that we get from others(driving speed limit), likely to result in acceptance (sherif's autokinetic effect)

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obedience

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acting in accord with a direct order, blind obedience is bad (milgram's study)