Psyc 270 Exam1

Front 1

Nominal scale

Back 1

- naming scale
- numbers have only the property of identity
- mathematical operations: counting
- statistical procedures: frequencies, chi-square

Front 2

Ordinal

Back 2

- indicate rank ordering
- adding or multiplying, however, are meaningless (you cannot use a mean)
- propertiesL identity, magnitude
mathematical operations: less than or greater than
statistical procedures: median, rank order, mann-whitney u test

Front 3

interval

Back 3

- a scale that indicates an amount (but there is no 0 point)
- averages, SDs are meaningful but not ratios
- properties: identity, magnitude, interval
-mathematical operations:less than or greater than, addition or subtraction
- statistical procedures - means, t-test, ANOVA

Front 4

Ratio

Back 4

- a scale that has equal intervals with a true zero
- properties: many forms of measurement in physics are ratio, but this is rare in psych
- properties: identity, magnitude, interval, true zero
- mathematical operations: less than or equal to, addition or subtraction, multiplication or division
- statistical procedures - means (ratios are meaningful), t-test, ANOVA

Front 5

Extraneous variable

Back 5

Unplanned and uncontrolled factor(s) that can arise in an experiment and affect the outcome

Front 6

Confounding variable

Back 6

An unwanted factor that affect groups differently and make it difficult to know what caused changes in the dv.
- An extraneous variable can turn into a confounding varaible

Front 7

Observational Research

Back 7

Recording naturally occurring behavior without intervention or manipulation of variables

Front 8

Correlational Research

Back 8

Identifying whether different behaviors, thoughts, and attitudes change together in predictable ways

Front 9

Experimental Research

Back 9

Manipulating the research setting to identify causes of behavior

Front 10

Quasi-Experimental Research

Back 10

Comparing existing groups (classification variable) to see if they differ

Front 11

Qualitative Research

Back 11

Studying people in their natural environment descriptively (without numerical analyses) and holistically

Front 12

systematic observation

Back 12

a form of observational research in which an investigator records behavior as it naurally occurs, attempting to note every behavior exactly as it emerges, often in a laboratory as an initial stage of research and prior to the development of hypotheses

Front 13

naturalistic observation

Back 13

a form of observational research involving the recording of behavior as it naturally occurs, without any attempt at intervention, often without the knowledge of those being observed

Front 14

continuous real-time measurement

Back 14

the measurement of the duration of behaviors as they occur

Front 15

time point sampling

Back 15

the measurement of the occurrence of a behavior by selecting specific points in time and recording whether the behaviors is occuring at that instant

Front 16

time interval sampling

Back 16

the measurement of behavior by noting whether it has occurred within a specified time interval or intervals

Front 17

observer bias

Back 17

the tendency on the part of observers to bring their biases and predispositions to the recording of data, a process that may be unintentional

Front 18

behavior checklist

Back 18

a list of behaviors to be recorded in naturalistic observation

Front 19

observer drift

Back 19

the tendency on the part of an observer to change criteria for recording behaviors over time

Front 20

interobserver reliability

Back 20

the degree to which two or more observers agree in their coding and scoring of behaviors they are observing and recording

Front 21

measurement

Back 21

assigning arbitrary symbols according to a predetermined set of rules to different events or objects.

Front 22

overt behaviors

Back 22

recording subject's behavior in terms of frequency, rate, speed, duration.

Front 23

covert behaviors

Back 23

self report- ask the people how they feel

Front 24

law of small numbers

Back 24

too much thought into small observations

Front 25

illusory correlation

Back 25

seeing a relationship where it does not exist

Front 26

Avoid acquiescence

Back 26

causes people to answer the same for every question

Front 27

What’s necessary for Causation

Back 27

- A precedes B
- A and B must covary (B must occur when A does)
- A must be the most plausible cause for B with other potential causes ruled out

Front 28

truncated range

Back 28

- If you don't have the full set of scores, it can be hard to see the relationship
- Ex. When you look at SAT scores you mostly look at people who got into college. If you looked at full range, you would see a pattern.

Front 29

Heterogeneous subsets/Multiple Populations

Back 29

- Hard to detect
- Overall positive relation between two variables but each of the subsets has a negative correlation
- When you combine subgroups into one overall data set, the correlation coefficient may not provide useful information

Front 30

Point-biserial

Back 30

1 dichotomous variable, 1 continuous

Front 31

  Phi coefficient

Back 31

2 dichotomous variables

Front 32

Multivariate Analyses

Back 32

- Simultaneously analyzing multiple variables
- Presented in a correlation matrix

Front 33

Moderator

Back 33

specifies when the effects of a mediator will hold

Front 34

Beneficence and nonmaleficence

Back 34

Working for the benefit of people and avoiding harm to them

Front 35

Fidelity and responsibility

Back 35

Support for the discipline and working for the benefit of the community

Front 36

Integrity

Back 36

Honest application of psychology in research, teaching, and practice.

Front 37

Justice

Back 37

-Recognizing the implications one’s actions and striving to make good professional judgments

Front 38

Guidelines for research

Back 38

- Informed consent
- Is the pain and suffering reasonable?
- Can the research be done without pain and suffering?
- Can participants leave the experiment in a similar or superior state?
- Does the value of the research outweigh the level of pain and suffering?
- It is decided by a thierd, impartial party: IRB

Front 39

 Random Sampling

Back 39

Each individual in a population has an equal chance to be in the sample. This is simplest and best method. This is not the same thing as random assignment.

Front 40

systematic sampling

Back 40

variant on random sampling in which you sample every nth person.

Front 41

stratified random sampling

Back 41

population divided into subgroups & then these subgroups are randomly selected from using simple random sampling or systematic sampling. The size of the subgroups in the sample should equal the relative size of the subgroups in the population. Advantage is built in assurance that the sample will reflect the numerical composition of the various subgroups (only true if you know the numerical composition of the subgroups). Ex. Public opinion polling when you want the sample represents the population for gender, age, political affiliation, education, family income, etc.

Front 42

cluster sampling

Back 42

Rather than randomly picking some individuals from all subgroups of interest, you pick all individuals from some randomly chosen subgroups. Ex, picking classrooms for participation in a study, or sections of a particular class, cities, neighborhoods, or other naturally occurring clusters.

Front 43

quota sampling

Back 43

similar to stratified random sampling, except that after you identify the subgroups & the number of people you want, you get these people wherever you can find them.