Psyc 251 Final

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Mood Disorder

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characterized by a gross deviation in mood

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major depressive episode

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lasts at least 2 weeks and includes cognitive symptoms (such as feelings of worthlessness and indecisiveness) and disturbed physical functions to the point that even the slightest activity or movement requires an overwhelming effort.

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Mania

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characterized by extreme pleasure in every activity; some patients compare their daily experience of mania to a continuous sexual orgasm

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Dysphoric manic episodes

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a mixture of manic and depressed episodes

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major depressive episode, single episode

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A depressive episode with no previous episodes previous

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major depressive episode, recurrent

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when 2 or more major depressive episodes occur which were separated by at least 2 months of non-depressive symptoms

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Dysthymic disorder

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a less severe form of depression that lasts for much longer (sometimes 20 to 30 years)

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Double depression

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when a person suffers from both depressive episodes and dysthymic disorder

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Bipolar Disorder

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alternating between manic and depressed episodes

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Cyclothymic mood disorder

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a more chronic mood disorder where the moods alternate for years at a time

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Seasonal affective disorder

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the individual may become depressed during the winter and manic during the summer

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Learned helplessness

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a person (or animal) becomes depressed to the point that they will do nothing to help themselves, even if they easily can

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depressive cognitive triad

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a cognitive error in thinking negatively about themselves, the immediate world, and their future

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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

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a patient is anesthetized to reduce discomfort and given muscle-relaxing drugs to prevent bone breakage from convulsions during seizures. Electric shocks are administered for less than a second at a time to cause convulsions

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Trans-cranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

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works by placing a magnetic coil over the individual’s head to generate a precisely localized magnetic pulse (this is new, and still undergoing testing)

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Cognitive therapy

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clients are taught to carefully examine their thought processes while they are depressed and to recognize “depressive” errors in thinking

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Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)

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focuses on resolving problems in existing relationships and learning to form important new interpersonal relationships

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Maintenance treatment

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treatment used to prevent relapse

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Borderline Personality Disorder

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Cluster B Personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of *instability* of interpersonal relationships, self-image, affects, and control over impulses

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akinesia

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Extrapyramidal symptom involving slow motor activity, an expressionless face, and emotionless speech.

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akinesia

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Extrapyramidal symptom involving slow motor activity, an expressionless face, and emotionless speech

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alogia

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Deficiency in the amount or content of speech, a disturbance often seen in people with schizophrenia

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anhedonia

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Inability to experience pleasure, associated with some mood and schizophrenic disorders

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associative splitting

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Separation among basic functions of human personality (for example, cognition, emotion, and perception) seen by some as the defining characteristic of schizophrenia

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auditory hallucinations

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Psychotic disturbance in perception in which a person hears sounds or voices although these are not real or actually present. The voices are often critical, accusatory, or demanding

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avolition

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Apathy, or the inability to initiate or persist in important activities

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brief psychotic disorder

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Psychotic disturbance involving delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech or behavior but lasting less than 1 month; often occurs in reaction to a stressor.

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catatonic immobility

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Disturbance of motor behavior in which the person remains motionless, sometimes in an awkward posture, for extended periods

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catatonic type of schizophrenia

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Type of schizophrenia in which motor disturbances (rigidity, agitation, and odd mannerisms) predominate

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delusional disorder

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sychotic disorder featuring a persistent belief contrary to reality (delusion) but no other symptoms of schizophrenia

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dementia praecox

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Latin term meaning premature loss of mind, an early label for what is now called schizophrenia, emphasizing the disorder''s frequent appearance during adolescence. Called démence précoce in France.

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disorganized speech

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Style of talking often seen in people with schizophrenia, involving incoherence and a lack of typical logic patterns.

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disorganized type of schizophrenia

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Type of schizophrenia featuring disrupted speech and behavior, disjointed delusions and hallucinations, and silly or flat affect.

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double bind communication

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According to an obsolete, unsupported theory, the practice of transmitting conflicting messages that was thought to cause schizophrenia.

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echolalia

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Repetition or echoing of the speech of others, a normal intermediate step in the development of speech skills. Originally thought to be a unique symptom of autism, it is now seen as evidence of developmental delay involved in that disorder.

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echopraxia

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The involuntary imitation of the movement of another person.

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erotomanic type

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Type of delusional disorder featuring belief that another person, usually of higher status, is in love with the individual.

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expressed emotion (EE)

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Hostility, criticism, and overinvolvement demonstrated by some families toward a family member with a psychological disorder. This can often contribute to the person''s relapse.

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extrapyramidal symptoms

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Serious side effects of neuroleptic medications resembling the motor difficulties of Parkinson''s disease. They include akinesia and tardive dyskinesia. Also called parkinsonian symptoms.

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flat affect

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Apparenty emotionless demeanor (including toneless speech and vacant gaze) when a reaction would be expected.

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grandiose type

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Type of delusional disorder featuring beliefs of inflated worth, power, knowledge, identity, or a special relationship to a deity or famous person.

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hallucinations

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Psychotic symptoms of perceptual disturbance in which things are seen, heard, or otherwise sensed although they are not actually present.

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hypofrontality

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Relative deficiency in activity in the frontal lobes of the brains of people with schizophrenia; associated with the negative symptoms of the disorder.

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inappropriate affect

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Emotional displays that are improper for the situation.

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jealous type

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Type of delusional disorder featuring delusions that the individual''s sexual partner is unfaithful.

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lateral ventricles

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Naturally occurring cavities in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid. Some individuals with schizophrenia have enlarged ventricles, probably resulting from insufficient development or atrophy of surrounding tissue.

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negative symptoms

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Less outgoing symptoms, such as flat affect and poverty of speech, displayed by some people with schizophrenia.

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neuroleptics

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Major antipsychotic medications, dopamine antagonists, that diminish delusions, hallucinations, and aggressive behavior in psychotic patients but may also cause serious side effects.

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paranoia

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People''s irrational beliefs that they are especially important (delusions of grandeur) or that other people are seeking to do them harm.

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paranoid type of schizophrenia

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Type of schizophrenia in which symptoms primarily involve delusions and hallucinations; speech and motor and emotional behavior are relatively intact.

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persecutory type

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A form of delusion that involves believing oneself (or someone close) is being malevolently treated in some way.

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positive symptoms

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More overt symptoms, such as delusions and hallucinations, displayed by some people with schizophrenia.

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psychosurgery

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Biological treatment involving neurosurgery, such as lobotomy, for a psychological disorder. For example, a specific surgical lesion to the cingulate bundle may be an effective last-resort treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder.

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psychotic behavior

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Severe psychological disorder category characterized by hallucinations and loss of contact with reality.

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psychotic symptoms

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Delusions and hallucinations that may appear during depressive or manic episodes.

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residual type of schizophrenia

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Diagnostic category for people who have experienced at least one episode of schizophrenia and who no longer display its major symptoms but still show some bizarre thoughts or social withdrawal.

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schizoaffective disorder

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Psychotic disorder featuring symptoms of both schizophrenia and major mood disorder.

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schizophrenia

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Devastating psychotic disorder that may involve characteristic disturbances in thinking (delusions), perception (hallucinations), speech, emotions, and behavior.

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schizophreniform disorder

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Psychotic disorder involving the symptoms of schizophrenia but lasting less than 6 months.

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schizotypal personality disorder

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Cluster A (odd or eccentric) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of interpersonal deficits featuring acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships, as well as cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior.

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shared psychotic disorder (folie à deux)

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Psychotic disturbance in which individuals develop a delusion similar to that of a person with whom they share a close relationship.

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smooth-pursuit eye movement

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Ability to follow moving targets visually. Deficits in this skill can be caused by a single gene whose location is known. This problem is associated with schizophrenia and, thus, may serve as a genetic marker for this disorder. Also called eye-tracking.

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tangentiality

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Characteristic of the loose cognitive and verbal associations seen in schizophrenia in which the person fails to answer questions and quickly moves the conversation to unrelated topics.

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tardive dyskinesia

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Extrapyramidal symptom and sometimes irreversible side effect of long-term neuroleptic medication, involving involuntary motor movements, especially in the face and tongue.

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token economy

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Social learning behavior modification system in which individuals earn items they can exchange for desired rewards by displaying appropriate behaviors.

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undifferentiated type of schizophrenia

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Category for individuals who meet the criteria for schizophrenia but not for one of the defined subtypes.

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unshared environments

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Term indicating that even identical twins living in the same home may have different prenatal and family experiences.

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waxy flexibility

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Characteristic of catatonia in which the person remains in bodily postures positioned by another person.