Psyc 245, Exam 1. Ch 3.

Front 1

Psycholinguistics

Back 1

The branch of psychology that is concerned with the acquisition, production, comprehension, and usage of language.

Front 2

Underlying Representataion

Back 2

The meaning component if language. It's the thought that you want to convey with an utterance. Compare with surface structure.

Front 3

Surface Structure

Back 3

The sounds of an utterance or the outward appearance of a language expression. Compare with the underlying representation.

Front 4

Given/New Distinction

Back 4

The ration of known (given) information to new information in a communication. It is a primary determinant of the difficulty of a communication.

Front 5

Cognitive Economy

Back 5

Any process that reduces the mental workload and makes thinking or remembering less effortful.

Front 6

Prototype

Back 6

The best or most typical example of a category. For example, dog is the prototype for the category "animal."

Front 7

Prototypical Thinking

Back 7

Using the most typical member in a category as a guide to making inferences about other members of that category.

Front 8

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis if Linguistic Relativity

Back 8

The hypothesis that language, at least in part, determines or influences thought.

Front 9

Semantic Slanting

Back 9

The deliberate use of words designed to create a particular attitude or foster certain beliefs.

Front 10

Ambiguous

Back 10

An utterance is ambiguous when it can have more than one meaning or underlying representation.

Front 11

Vagueness

Back 11

A lack of precision in a communication. A communication is vague if it does not specify enough details for its intended use.

Front 12

Equivocation

Back 12

A change in the meaning of a word in the course of the same discussion.

Front 13

Etymology

Back 13

Reference to the origin of a word in order to determine its meaning.

Front 14

Reification

Back 14

Occurs when an abstract concept is given a name and then treated as thought it were a concrete object.

Front 15

Bureaucratese

Back 15

The use of formal, stilted language that is often unfamiliar to people who lack special training.

Front 16

Euphemism

Back 16

The substitution of a desirable term for a less desirable or offensive one.

Front 17

Framing

Back 17

Occurs when a question is asked in a way that suggests what the correct response should be. The reader is "led" into assuming a particular perspective or point of view.

Front 18

Risk Adverse

Back 18

A general preference for options that do not involve possible loss over options that involve possible gain, even when the expected value is higher for the option that describes a loss.

Front 19

Negation

Back 19

The use of denial to imply that a fact is plausible.

Front 20

Anchoring

Back 20

The unconscious use if a value that is easily accessible in memory s a "starting point" for making a judgment about a quantity or cost.

Front 21

Re-representation

Back 21

The deliberate use of multiple ways to represent information- concept maps, spatial arrays, and verbal strategies- as a means of enhancing comprehension an memory.

Front 22

SQ3R

Back 22

A strategy for comprehension that requires the sue of questioning and paraphrase. The letters stand for Survey, Question, Read, Recite, and Review.

Front 23

Paraphrase

Back 23

Restating ideas in your own words.

Front 24

Overlearning

Back 24

Reviewing material after it is learned so that recall becomes automatic and less effortful.

Front 25

Reciprocal Peer Questioning

Back 25

The process of having learners pose thoughtful questions that they take turns answering.

Front 26

Generic Questions

Back 26

Question "stems" that can be mortified and applied to many different topics.

Front 27

Concept Maps (graphic organizers)

Back 27

The use of spatial displays to organize information.

Front 28

Linear Arrays

Back 28

A graphic organizer in which information is presented in a list format.

Front 29

Hierarchies

Back 29

A type of graphic organizer that uses a tree structure. Most useful when information is organized according to class inclusion rules.

Front 30

Networks

Back 30

Graphic organizers in which types of relationships among concepts are depicted.

Front 31

Matrix

Back 31

A rectangular array that is useful when the information presented involves comparisons along several dimensions.

Front 32

Hunt & Agnoli (1991)

Back 32

The language we speak influences thinking to the extent that certain ideas may be easier to communicate in one language than another.

Front 33

Grize (1975)

Back 33

The rules for clear communication.

Front 34

Bransford & Johnson (1972)

Back 34

Washing clothes.

Front 35

Just & Carpenter (1992)

Back 35

Short term memory capacity.

Front 36

McNamara, Levinstein, & Boonthum (2004)

Back 36

Broke ass Merlin.