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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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agoraphobia
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An anxiety disorder in which a person is afraid to be in places or situations from which escape might be difficult ( or embarrassing) or help unavailable if panic- like symptoms were to occur.
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altruistic suicide
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Suicide committed by people who intentionally sacrifice their lives for the well- being of society.
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amnestic episode
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During an amnestic episode, people may appear confused; in some cases they wander about aimlessly. They are already experiencing memory difficulties but seem unaware of them.
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amygdala
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A small, almond- shaped structure in the brain that processes emotional information.
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amygdala
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brain area that repeatedly seems to be involved in the expression of negative emotions and memories.
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anomic suicide
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Suicide committed by individuals whose social environment fails to provide stability, thus leaving them without a sense of belonging.
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anxiety
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central nervous system's physiological and emotional response to a vague sense of threat or danger
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anxiety sensitivity
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A tendency to focus on one's bodily sensations, assess them illogically, and interpret them as harmful.
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attribution
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An explanation of things we see going on around us that points to particular causes.
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automatic thoughts
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Numerous unpleasant thoughts that help to cause or maintain depression, anxiety, or other forms of psychological dysfunction.
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basic irrational assumptions
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The inaccurate and inappropriate beliefs held by people with various psychological problems, according to Albert Ellis.
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benzodiazepines
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The most common group of ant-ianxiety drugs, which includes Valium and Xanax.
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biofeedback
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A technique in which a client is given information about physiological reactions as they occur and learns to control the reactions voluntarily.
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biofeedback
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therapists use electrical signals from the body to train people to control physiological processes such as heart rate or muscle tension.
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biological challenge test
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A procedure used to produce panic in participants or clients by having them exercise vigorously or perform some other potentially panic- inducing task in the presence of a researcher or therapist.
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bipolar disorder
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disorder marked by alternating or intermixed periods of maniand depression.
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bipolar I disorder
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type of bipolar disorder marked by full manic and major depressive episodes
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bipolar II disorder
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type of bipolar disorder marked by mildly manic ( hypo-manic) episodes and major depressive episodes.
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body dysmorphic disorder
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A disorder marked by excessive worry that some aspect of one's physical appearance is defective. Also known as dysmorphophobia.
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Brodmann Area 25
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located just under the brain area called the cingulate cortex, tends to be smaller in depressed people than nondepressed people. Moreover, like the amygdala, it is significantly more active among depressed people than among nondepressed people.
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caudate nuclei
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Structures in the brain, within the region known as the basal ganglia, that help convert sensory information into thoughts and actions.
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classical conditioning
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A process of learning in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become tied together in a person's mind and so produce the same response.
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client-centered therapy
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The humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which clinicians try to help clients by being accepting, empathizing accurately, and conveying genuineness.
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cognitive therapy
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therapy developed by Aaron Beck that helps people identify and change the maladaptive assumptions and ways of thinking that help cause their psychological disorders.
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cognitive triad
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The three forms of negative thinking that Aaron Beck theorizes lead people to feel depressed. The triad consists of negative view of one's experiences, oneself, and the future
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compulsion
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A repetitive and rigid behavior or mental act that a person feels driven to perform in order to pre-vent or reduce anxiety.
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conversion disorder
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A somatoform disorder in which a psychosocial need or conflict is converted into dramatic physical symptoms that affect voluntary motor or sensory function.
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couple therapy
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therapy format in which the therapist works with two people who share long- term relationship.
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crisis intervention
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A treatment approach that tries to help people in a psychological crisis view their situation more accurately, make better decisions, act more constructively, and overcome the crisis.
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cyclothymic disorder
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disorder marked by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms.
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death darer
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A person who is ambivalent about the wish to die even as he or she attempts suicide
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death ignorer
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A person who attempts suicide without recognizing the finality of death
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death initiator
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A person who attempts suicide believing that the process of death is already under way and that he or she is simply hastening the process
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death seeker
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A person who clearly intends to end his or her life at the time of a suicide attempt
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deep brain stimulation
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treatment procedure for depression in which a pace-maker powers electrodes that have been implanted in Brodmann Area 25, thus stimulating that brain area..
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depression
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low, sad state marked by lack of energy, low self- worth, guilt, or related symptoms
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dichotomous thinking
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Viewing problems and solutions in rigid either/ or terms.
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dissociative amnesia
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A disorder marked by an inability to recall important personal events and information.
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dissociative disorders
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Disorders marked by major changes in memory that do not have clear physical causes.
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dissociative fugue
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A disorder in which a person travels to a new location and may assume a new identity, simultaneously forgetting his or her past.
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dissociative identity disorder
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A dis-order in which a person develops two or more distinct personalities. Also known as multiple personality disorder.
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dysthymic disorder
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mood disorder that is similar to but longer- lasting and less disabling than major depressive disorder.
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egoistic suicide
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Suicide committed by people over whom society has little or no control, people who are not concerned with the norms or rules of society.
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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
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treatment for depression in which electrodes attached to patient's head send an electrical current through the brain, causing convulsion
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electromyograph (EMG)
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A device that provides feedback about the level of muscular tension in the body.
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Elektra
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Each girl experiences sexual feelings for her father and at the same time recognizes that she must compete with her mother for his affection. However, aware of her mother's more powerful position and of cultural taboos, the child typically represses her sexual feelings and rejects these early desires for her father.
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endogenous depression
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depression that appears to develop without external reasons and is assumed to be caused by internal factors.
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exposure and response prevention
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A behavioral treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder that exposes a client to anxiety- arousing thoughts or situations and then prevents the client from per-forming his or her compulsive acts. Also called exposure and ritual prevention.
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exposure treatments
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Behavioral treatments in which persons are exposed to the objects or situations they dread
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factitious disorder
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An illness with no identifiable physical cause, in which the patient is believed to be intentionally producing or faking symptoms in order to assume a sick role.
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family pedigree study
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A research design in which investigators determine how many and which relatives of a person with a disorder have the same disorder.
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fear
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central nervous system's physiological and emotional response to a serious threat to one's well- being
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flooding
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treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless
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flooding
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treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless
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fusion
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The final merging of two or more subpersonalities in multiple personality disorder.
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gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
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The neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid, whose low activity has been linked to generalized anxiety disorder.
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generalized anxiety disorder
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persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and worry about numerous events and activities
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hippocampus
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one of the few brain areas to produce new neurons throughout adult-hood, an activity known as neurogenesis
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hopelessness
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A pessimistic belief that one's present circumstances, problems, or mood will not change
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hypnotic therapy
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A treatment in which the patient undergoes hypnosis and is then guided to recall forgotten events or perform other therapeutic activities. Also known as hypnotherapy.
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hypochondriasis
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A disorder in which people mistakenly fear that minor changes in their physical functioning indicate a serious disease.
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hypomanic episode
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person displays symptoms of mania, but the symptoms are less severe and cause less impairment than a manic episode.
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hysterical somatoform disorders
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Somatoform disorders in which people suffer actual changes in their physical functioning.
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iatrogenic DID
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a DID unintentionally produced by practitioners by suggesting the existance of, or asking a patient to produce other identities
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interpersonal psychotherapy ( IPT)
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treatment for unipolar depression that is based on the belief that clarifying and changing one's interpersonal problems will help lead to recovery
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isolation
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An ego defense mechanism in which people unconsciously isolate and disown undesirable and unwanted thoughts, experiencing them as foreign intrusions.
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learned helplessness
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The perception, based on past experiences, that one has no control over one's reinforcements.
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lithium
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metallic element that occurs in nature as mineral salt and is an effective treatment for bipolar disorders.
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locus ceruleus
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A small area of the brain that seems to be active in the regulation of emotions. Many of its neurons use norepinephrine.
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major depressive disorder
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severe pattern of depression that is disabling and is not caused by such factors as drugs or general medical condition
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malingering
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intentionally fake illness to achieve some external gain, such as financial compensation
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mania
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state or episode of euphorior frenzied activity in which people may have an exaggerated belief that the world is theirs for the taking
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MAO inhibitor
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An antidepressant drug that prevents the action of the enzyme monoamine oxidase.
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modeling
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A process of learning in which a person observes and then imitates others. Also, a therapy approach based on the same principle.
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Munchausen syndrome
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The extreme and chronic form of factitious disorder.
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Munchausen syndrome by proxy
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A factitious disorder in which parents make up or produce illnesses in their children. Also known as factitious disorder by proxy.
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neutralizing
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A person's attempt to eliminate unwanted thoughts by thinking or behaving in ways that put matters right internally, making up for the unac-ceptable thoughts.
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norepinephrine
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A neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to panic disorder and depression.
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norepinephrine
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neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression and panic disorder.
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obsession
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A persistent thought, idea, impulse, or image that is experienced repeatedly, feels intrusive, and causes anxiety.
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obsessive- compulsive disorder
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A disorder in which a person has recurrent and unwanted thoughts, a need to per-form repetitive and rigid actions, or both.
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orbitofrontal cortex
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A region of the brain in which impulses involving excretion, sexuality, violence, and other primitive activities normally arise.
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pain disorder associated with psychological factors
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A somatoform disorder marked by pain, with psycho-social factors playing a central role in the onset, severity, or continuation of the pain.
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panic attacks
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Periodic, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak within minutes, and gradually pass.
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panic disorder
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An anxiety disorder marked by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks.
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paraprofessional
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person without previous professional training who provides services under the supervision of a mental health professional.
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Parasuicide
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suicide attempt that does not result in death.
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phobia
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persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object, activity or situation
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placebo
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A sham treatment that a patient believes to be genuine.
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postvention
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The kinds of postsuicide programs put into action by this school and by MTV in the aftermath of Kurt Cobain's death are often referred to by clinicians as postvention.
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prefrontal cortex
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located within the frontal cortex of the brain. Several imaging studies have found lower activity and blood flow in the prefrontal cortex of depressed research participants than in the pre-frontal cortex of nondepressed individuals
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preoccupation somatoform disorders
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Disorders in which people misinterpret and overreact to minor, even normal, bodily symptoms or features.
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preparedness
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predisposition to develop certain fears
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primary gain
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when their hysterical symptoms keep their internal conflicts out of awareness.
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rational- emotive therapy
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A cognitive therapy developed by Albert Ellis that helps clients identify and change the irrational assumptions and thinking that help cause their psychological disorder.
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reaction formation
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An ego defense mechanism whereby a person suppresses an unacceptable desire by taking on a lifestyle that expresses the opposite desire.
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reactive (exogenous) depression
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depression that appears to be triggered by clear events.
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relaxation training
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A treatment procedure that teaches clients to relax at will so they can calm themselves in stressful situations.
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repression
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the most basic ego defense mechanism: People fight off anxiety by unconsciously preventing painful memories, thoughts, or impulses from reaching awareness.
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retrospective analysis
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A psychological autopsy in which clinicians and researchers piece together information about a person's suicide from the person's past
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rumination
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the tendency to keep focusing on one's feelings when depressed and to consider repeatedly the causes and consequences of that depression
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seasonal affective disorder
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mood disorder in which mood episodes are related to changes in season.
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second messengers
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Chemical changes within neuron just after the neuron receives neurotransmitter message and just before it responds.
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secondary gain
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when their hysterical symptoms further enable them to avoid unpleasant activities or to receive sympathy from others.
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sedative- hypnotic drugs
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Drugs that calm people at lower doses and help them to fall asleep at higher doses.
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selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's)
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group of second-generation antidepressant drugs that increase serotonin activity specifically, without affecting other neurotransmitters.
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self- hypnosis
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The process of hypnotizing oneself, sometimes for the purpose of forgetting unpleasant events.
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serotonin
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A neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression, obsessive- compulsive disorder, and eat-ing disorders.
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serotonin
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neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression, obsessive- compulsive disorder, and eating disorders.
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social phobia
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severe, persistent, and irrational fears of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur
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social skills training
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A therapy approach that helps people learn or improve social skills and assertiveness through role playing and rehearsing of desirable behaviors.
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somatization disorder
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A somatoform disorder marked by numerous recurring physical ailments without an organic basis. Also known as Briquet's syndrome.
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somatoform disorder
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A physical illness or ailment that is explained largely by psychosocial causes, in which the patient experiences no sense of wanting or guiding the symptoms.
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specific phobia
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severe and persistent fear of a specific object or situation
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state- dependent learning
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Learning that becomes associated with the conditions under which it occurred, so that it is best remembered under the same conditions.
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stimulus generalization
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A phenomenon in which responses to one stimulus are also produced by similar stimuli.
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subintentional death
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A death in which the victim plays an indirect, hidden, partial, or unconscious role
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subpersonalities
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The two or more distinct personalities found in individuals suffering with dissociative identity disorder. Also known as alternate personalities.
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suicide
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A self-inflicted death in which the person acts intentionally, directly, and consciously.
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suicide prevention program
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A pro-gram that tries to identify people who are at risk of killing themselves and to offer them crisis intervention
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symbolic loss
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According to Freudian theory, the loss of valued object (for example, loss of employment) that is unconsciously interpreted as the loss of loved one. Also called imagined loss.
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systematic desensitization
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A behavioral treatment that uses relaxation training and a fear hierarchy to help clients with phobias react calmly to the objects or situations they dread
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Thanatos
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basic death instinct that functions in opposition to the life instinct, According to the Freudian view
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
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treatment procedure for depression in which an electromagnetic coil, which is placed on or above a person's head, sends a current into the individual's brain.
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tricyclic
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An antidepressant drug such as imipramine that has three rings in its molecular structure
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tyramine
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chemical that, if allowed to accumulate, can raise blood pressure dangerously. It is found in many common foods and is broken down by MAO..
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undoing
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An ego defense mechanism whereby a person unconsciously cancels out an unacceptable desire or act by performing another act.
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unipolar depression
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Depression without history of mania
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vagus nerve stimulation
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treatment procedure for depression in which an implanted pulse generator sends regular electrical signals to a person's vagus nerve; the nerve, in turn, stimulates the brain.
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unconditional positive regard
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children who fail to receive this from others may become overly critical of themselves and develop harsh self standards, or "conditions of worth"
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mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
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therapists help clients become aware of their streams of thought and worries and accept them as just events of the mind
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metacognitive and avoidance theories
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people with GAD hold both positive and negative views about worrying
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memory
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faculty for recalling past events and learnings
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reactive depression
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follows clear-cut stressful events
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melatonin
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hormone tied to depression; released only in the dark; "Dracula hormone"; people with SAD in winter are thought to produce elevated amounts
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