Psyc 215 Final

Front 1

Fundamental Attribution Error

Back 1

To attribute behaviour to internal causes and underestimate how powerful a situation is.

Front 2

Construal

Back 2

Interpretation of stimuli.

Front 3

Schema

Back 3

Knowledge structure consisting of an organized body of stored information.

Front 4

Self-Other Knowledge Asymmetry Model

Back 4

Compares how much we know about ourselves to what others know about us.

Front 5

Meta-Accuracy

Back 5

Awareness of POV of others.

Front 6

Situationism

Back 6

Subset of self-knowledge that is brought to mind in a particular context.

Front 7

Self-Esteem

Back 7

Overall positive or negative evaluation we have about ourselves. Social comparison, age, sex, and contingencies of self-worth all act as influences.

Front 8

Sociometer Theory

Back 8

Developed by Mark Leary, claims our self-esteem depends on our perception of our standing with others.

Front 9

Self-Enhancement

Back 9

Method of maintaining or increasing our positive views of self. Strategies include self-serving construals, self affirmation, and social comparison.

Front 10

Self-Serving Construals

Back 10

The ways of interpreting information to most benefit one's self-image.

Front 11

Self-Affirmation

Back 11

To remind yourself of your competence in one domain when struggling in another.

Front 12

Upward Social Comparison

Back 12

Comparing self to others who are doing better. This leads to flattering ourselves by association. To enhance self in this situation, you can sabotage others, distance yourself, or lessen the domain's relevance.

Front 13

Self-Verification Theory

Back 13

We want stable and accurate beliefs about ourselves, and want others to confirm our existing self-views. Strategies include selective attention, identity cues, and self-selection.

Front 14

Self-Presentation

Back 14

The idea that we present the person we would like others to believe we are in the given situation. You act differently at work than with your close friends.

Front 15

Self-Monitoring

Back 15

The tendency to monitor our behaviour to fit the demands of the situation. When the club isn't lit, you still act like you're having a good time to avoid being seen as the fun sponge.

Front 16

Self-Handicapping

Back 16

Engaging in self-defeating behaviour to protect the public self. This can protect against negative self-views, but becomes less effective each time you do it.

Front 17

Self-Awareness

Back 17

The degree to which a person is paying attention to his own thoughts, feelings, and behaviours.

Front 18

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Back 18

Expectations lead us to behave in ways that elicit the very behaviour.

Front 19

Causal Attribution

Back 19

Construal process people use to explain their own and others' behaviours.

Front 20

Explanatory Style

Back 20

Habitual way of explaining events. Three dimensions are internal/external, stable/unstable, and global/specific.

Front 21

Covariation Principle

Back 21

Behaviour should be attributed to potential causes that occur. Three types of covariation information are consistency, consensus, and distinctiveness.

Front 22

Discounting Princple

Back 22

We have reduced confidence about the cause of a behaviour when other plausible causes exist to produce the same behaviour. She might just be at the Kanye concert for her boyfriend.

Front 23

Augmenting principle

Back 23

We have increased confidence about the cause of a behaviour when other causes to produce the same behaviour do not exist (or are unlikely). She is wearing a Kanye shirt, she must be a fan.

Front 24

Counterfactual Thinking

Back 24

Thinking about the consequences of an event not occurring (What if I didn't come to McGIll? Would I hate life less?). This leads to amplified (good and bad) emotions - bronze medal winners think "what if I messed up?", while silver medal winners think "what if I had done better?".

Front 25

Internal Validity

Back 25

To have confidence that only the manipulated variable could produce the results from a study.

Front 26

External Validity

Back 26

To question how well the results of a study generalize to other contexts.

Front 27

Availability Heuristic

Back 27

Judging the frequency or probability of an event occurring by how easily we can think of supporting information and examples. We are more likely to die from hot water than a plane crash, but we fear planes because we can readily think of examples.

Front 28

Representativeness Heuristic

Back 28

To categorize something by judging how similar it is to our conception of the typical category member. If my usual experience of walking in the rain is negative, I will assume that won't change today.

Front 29

Base Rate Neglect

Back 29

Failure to use information regarding frequencies when making decisions.

Front 30

Conjunction Fallacy

Back 30

A combination of two occurrences is always less likely than just one.

Front 31

Projected Illusions Hypothesis

Back 31

Your partner's self-perception is increased as a result of you seeing her more positively than her previous self-perceptions.

Front 32

Reflected Illusions Hypothesis

Back 32

Increased self-perception as a result of your partner idealizing you.

Front 33

Buffering Hypothesis

Back 33

Illusions help us through the negative events in relationships.

Front 34

Reflected Appraisal Hypothesis

Back 34

Individuals come to see themselves through their partner's eyes.

Front 35

Transformation Hypothesis

Back 35

To link your partner's flaws with virtues.

Front 36

Michelangelo Effect

Back 36

A man's initial perception of a woman will predict changes in her self-perception. He "sculpts" her.

Front 37

Marriage Shift

Back 37

Developed by Swann, claims early in relationships we want to be seen positively. Later, we desire intimacy, which can only be possible if seen accurately.

Front 38

Contamination Hypothesis

Back 38

When experiencing self-doubts, low self-esteem individuals will assume their partner shares the same negative view of them. The individual then finds flaws in their partner to avoid rejection.

Front 39

Compensation Hypothesis

Back 39

People with high self-esteem compensate for self-doubts by using their relationship/partner as a resource.

Front 40

Attachment Theory

Back 40

- Secure, high self-esteem people trust, love, and expect to be loved.

- Anxious, insecure people desire love.

- Dismissive people expect rejection, become self-reliant.

- Fearful people are afraid of dependency, but lack self-reliance.

Front 41

Dunbar Number

Back 41

The number of friendships we can maintain.

500 acquaintances, 150 of which are friends, 50 of which would be invited to your party, 15 of which are "soul mates", and 5 of which are "ride or die" friends.

Front 42

Social Exclusion Manipulation

Back 42

Leads to enhanced recall of social information (Donna's Diary).

Front 43

Social Isolation

Back 43

Can occur when physically around people, is more about feeling alone than being alone. Consequences include mental health problems, criminal behaviour, and poor sleep quality.

Front 44

The Four Horsemen

Back 44

- Criticism (blame, insult, attack on character)

- Defensiveness (deflect blame, responsibility)

- Contempt (mockery, sarcasm)

- Stonewalling (looking away, disconnecting)

Front 45

What three attributions do happy couples make when explaining positive events?

Back 45

Stable, general, intentional.

Front 46

What three attributions do happy couples make when explaining negative events?

Back 46

Unstable, specific, unintentional.

Front 47

What three attributions do unhappy couples make when explaining positive events?

Back 47

Unstable, specific, unintentional.

Front 48

What three attributions do unhappy couples make when explaining negative events?

Back 48

Stable, general, intentional.

Front 49

Attraction is based on...

Back 49

Proximity, similarity, and physical attractiveness.

Front 50

Mere Exposure Effect

Back 50

You like things more as you are exposed to them.

Front 51

Processing Fluency

Back 51

Easier processed information is more subjectively pleasing. Familiarity enhances fluency, which means things that come up more frequently are generally better seen than rarer things (People like England a lot, are indifferent about Bulgaria).

Front 52

Halo Effect

Back 52

Belief that attractive people have other unrelated positive qualities.

Front 53

Social Facilitation

Back 53

Tendency to perform differently when in the presence of others.

Front 54

Evaluation Apprehension Theory

Back 54

We are concerned about looking bad in the eyes of others.

Front 55

Social Loafing

Back 55

To exert less effort for group work.

Front 56

Deindividuation

Back 56

Loss of individual identity in a large group. We feel less responsible for actions as we become less self-observant, less concerned with the evaluation of others, and our internal controls are weakened (Vancouver Riots).

Front 57

Predictors of Leaders

Back 57

Expertise, social skills, and sharing rewards.

Front 58

Aggression

Back 58

Any physical or verbal behaviour that is intended to harm another person. Dispositional causes (genes, life experiences), situational determinants (hot weather, rejection, media violence), and construal processes (anger, dehumanization) all influence aggression.

Front 59

Dehumanization

Back 59

Attribution of negative, nonhuman characteristics to people. Two types are to deny someone human nature, and to deny someone human uniqueness. Can trigger aggression, as it is easier to harm non-humans.

Front 60

Catharsis

Back 60

Release of strong emotion to purge yourself to he impulse to act inappropriately.

Front 61

Psychological Stress

Back 61

Sense that our challenges and demands surpass our current capacities and resources.

Front 62

Social Psychological Stress

Back 62

Triggers fight-or-flight response, increased cardiovascular activation, and suppressed immune system. Adaptive in short term (when you see a bear, you run on instinct).

Front 63

True or False: consistent exposure to psychological stress can increase risk of disease and mortality.

Back 63

True, immune system is suppressed when exposed to stress.

Front 64

Telomeres

Back 64

Caps on chromosomes that protect gene data. Shorten with age, length indicates aging-related diseases.

Front 65

Rumination

Back 65

Thinking of a stressful time and re-stressing yourself. Solutions include the "stop" strategy.

Front 66

True or False: minorities often experience better health.

Back 66

False. Prejudice and discrimination are uncontrollable and significant stressors that result in worse health for minorities.

Front 67

Stress Buffering Hypothesis

Back 67

Supportive relationships can help people deal with stress.

Front 68

Tend-and-Befriend Hypothesis

Back 68

Paying attention to the needs of others is a way of dealing with our own stress. Caring about other can release oxytocin, associated with love and trust.

Front 69

Approach/Inhibition Theory

Back 69

High power involves a lack of constraint and the freedom to act as you wish.

Front 70

True or False: high power is associated with antisocial behaviour.

Back 70

True. High power is associated with antisocial behaviour, violating politeness norms, and sexual disinhibition.

Front 71

Social Influence

Back 71

How people affect one another. Three types are conformity, compliance, and obedience.

Front 72

Compliance

Back 72

Responding favourably to an explicit request.

Front 73

Obedience

Back 73

Compliance to a demand from an authority figure.

Front 74

Conformity

Back 74

To change your behaviour or beliefs in response to pressure.

Front 75

Adaptive Conformity

Back 75

Reduces decision making, promotes smooth social interactions.

Front 76

Automatic Mimcry

Back 76

Reflex, makes the person we mimic like us more.

Front 77

Informational Social Influnece

Back 77

To rely on other people's comments and actions to indicate what is likely correct.

Front 78

Normative Social Influence

Back 78

Driven by the desire to avoid criticism and rejection.

Front 79

What can affect the likelihood of conformity?

Back 79

Group size, unanimity, anonymity, expertise, culture, and gender.

Front 80

True or False: large groups increase conformity.

Back 80

True, as there are more people to be rejected by (normative) and more views to discredit (informational).

Front 81

True or False: you are more likely to withstand social influence with an ally or while doing so anonymously.

Back 81

True. You don't fear being alone or rejected.

Front 82

True or False: conformity is more likely when others have expertise or status.

Back 82

True. We find it tough to discredit the view of a professional (informational), and we worry about being rejected by those of high status (normative).

Front 83

True or False: cultures that value independence are more likely to conform.

Back 83

False. Cultures that value interdependence are more likely to conform.

Front 84

Altruism

Back 84

Unselfish behaviour without regard for consequences to self. Motivations can be selfish (social reward, reduced personal distress), or unselfish (empathic concern).

Front 85

Determinants of altruism include...

Back 85

Social learning, situational influences, and culture.

Front 86

Bystander Effect

Back 86

We are less likely to help when others are around.

Front 87

True or False: bystanders are less likely to help when a victim is screaming.

Back 87

False. Bystanders help more often if victims are screaming, or don't imply a risk.

Front 88

Pluralistic Ignorance

Back 88

Assuming all is well because nobody acts.