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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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monoism
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mind and brain are same thing; mind is a phenomenon of the working nervous system
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materialism
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rational behaviour can be fully explained by workings of the nervous system (DARWIN)
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functionalism
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haracteristics of living organisms perform useful and evolutionary functions.
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santiago ramon y caja
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pioneer of neuroscience- drew parts of anatomy
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types of neurons
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multipolar neuron-most common, has one axon and many dendrites
Bipolar- has two processes (axons), and one dendritic tree, for sensory info Unipolar Neurons- have one process and then the axon splits into two branches, for touch, temp , pain, skin Interneurons- link sensory and motor neurons, no axons really |
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types of glial cells
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1) astrocyte- physical support, cleans up debris, control chemical composition and nourish neurone
2) Oliogodendrocytes- provides support to axon and produces myelin sheath 3) Microglia- smallest, provide immune system for brain and protect it |
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Blood brain barrier, two functions
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semipermeable layer between blood and the fluid surrounding brain cells
1) provide balance between sub. within neurons and out. Imbalances can disrupt the transmission of messages 2) impedes passage of toxic substances |
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much of what we know about electrical potentials comes from:
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by using giant squids axons
- recording an axon: wire electrode is placed in the fluid, acts as an electrical conductor; small glass micro electrode is inserted into axon which records activity; a voltmeter (oscilloscope) turns electrical signals into visible ones |
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membrane potential
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difference in charge between inside of axon and extracellular fluid. K+ ions only ones that can pass through membrane. The diffusion forces pulls them out and the electrostatic forces pulls them back in. the balance maintained is the membrane potential.
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resting potential
action potential |
inside is negative -70mV
inside becomes positive, peaks at +30mV |
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threshold of excitation
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stimulation must be strong enough to make it fire
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where are ions located around membrane?
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K+ and A- concentrated inside, Na+ and Cl- concentrated outside
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what too forces are acting on the ions around the membrane causing them to enter/exit?
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diffusion, and electrostatic pressure (+- forces)
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Describe an action potential
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ion channels open and na+ rushes in. K rushes out and since inside now more positive, they are not forced back in. cell becomes depolarized. after, Na+ K+ pump restores the balance.
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sodium potassium pump
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powered by ATP. pumps 3 na+ ions out for every 2 K+ pumped in.
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rate law
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strength of stimulus is represented by rate of the firing axon. A stronger stimulus will elicit a higher rate of spiking (firing). Very close together spikes, very many spikes. Weak stimulus shows fewer action potentials in general, fewer spikes.
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describe the ions in relation to Post synaptic potentials
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* influx of na+ causes depolarization = Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)
* efflux (out of cell) of k+ causes hyperpolorization = Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP) * Influx of Cl- causes neutralization and then hyperpolorization- only if the membrane is depolarized (if it is resting , Cl- has no effect) causing IPSP * influx of Calcium causes depolarization (EPSP) and activates enzymes |
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why does IPSP not always produce behavioural inhibition and neural epsp not always produce behavioural excitation
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a) or ex, a group of neurone may prevent you from putting your hand in the fire, but if those neurone are inhibited (prevented from producing an IPSP) those neurone will not suppress the behaviour.
b)when dreaming, a group of inhibitory neurone are activated, preventing us from acting out our dreams |
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where is anterior (rostral), posterior (caudal), dorsal, ventral, lateral, medial
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see diagram
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what is the traverse plane, sagittal plane, horizontal plane, coronal section?
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see diagram
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what is contralateral vs ipsilateral?
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Contralateral- on opposite sides of the body i.e. the left cerebral cortex controls movement of the contralateral hand (right hand)
Ipsilateral- structures on same side of the body ie. olfactory bulb sends axons to the ipsilateral hemisphere (left olfactory bulb sends to left hem) |
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what are meninges? 3 layers?
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Meninges are tough, protective tissue that surround the brain
a) the dura mater is a outer thick tough unstretchable tissue b) the arachnoid membrane is the middle soft spongy layer, weblike- has CSF c) pia mater comprises blood vessels and is closest to brain, thinnest |
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what are the ventricles? cerebral aqueduct? subarachnoid space?
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ventricles are interconnected hollow spaces filled with CSF
the lateral ventricles (1st and 2nd) are the largest the cerebral aqueduct is a long tube like structure connecting the third and fourth ventricles CSF leaves through the 4th ventricle and flows through the subarachnoid space where it is reabsorbed into blood supply |
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what is the choroid plexus?
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produces CSF, it is 125 ml in total. replaces it half in 3 hours. if there are problems with the lateral ventricles, you will have an issue with the CSF
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obstructive hydrocephalus
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condition where ventricles are enlarged, caused by blocked flow of CSF
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telecephalon, diencephelon, mesencephelon, metencephelon, mylencephelon
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FOREBRAIN
telecephalon= cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system Diencephalon= thalamus, hypothalamus, MIDBRAIN Mescephalon= tectum, tegmentum HINDBRAIN Metencephalon= cerebellum, pons Myelencephalon= medulla oblongata |
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fissures, sulci, gyro
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groves (large) groves (small), ridges around groves
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Sodium and calcium channels
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na + channels let na+ into membrane in action potential
ca + channels must open in order for neurotransmitters to be released |
