Psyc 2101 Exam 2

Front 1

Hostility

Back 1

Link btwn hostility & coronary risk

Esp - Type A personality:

competitive, impatient, and anger

Front 2

_______ & _______ have the strongest link to coronary disease.

Back 2

Anger & Hostility

Front 3

Coronary Heart Disease

Back 3

Reduction in blood flow through the coronary arteries, which supply the heart w/ blood.

Front 4

Angina

Back 4

When stress has triggered an acute cardiac symptom of chest pain.

Front 5

Stress & Cancer

Back 5

Stress related variables linked with:

• Onset of cancer in initially healthy people
• Lower survival rates in those diagnosed

Front 6

Life Stress is associated with what diseases?

Back 6

• Headaches
• Hypertension
• IBD
• GI disorders
• Infections

Front 7

Atherosclerosis

Back 7

Gradual narrowing of the coronary arteries due to diet & exercise (poor)

NOT to be confused w/arteriosclerosis - which affects the walls of arteries due to aging (they get hard & thick)

Front 8

Angry people are ___ x's as likely to have atherosclerosis.

Back 8

2 x's

Front 9

Immune Response

Back 9

The body's defensive reaction to invasion by bacteria, viral agents, or other foreign substances.

Front 10

Stress can not impair immune functioning.

Back 10

False - stress can impair immune functioning

Front 11

What are some leading behavioral causes of death?

Back 11

1. Smoking
2. Poor diet/exercise
   
3. Alcohol consumption
   
4. Unsafe driving
   
5. Risky sexual behavior
6. Illicit Drug use

Front 12

Smoking decreases chances of hypertension, stroke, and cardiac diseases.

Back 12

False - smoking increases chances of hypertension, stroke & cardiac diseases.

Front 13

If a person gives up smoking their health risks will decline and reach normal levels after ___ years.

Back 13

15 years.

Front 14

What are the three leading causes of death in the world?

Back 14

1. heart attack
2. cancer
3. stroke

Front 15

Poor nutrition is linked to many health issues. Name several.

Back 15

• Too little fiber & red meat = heart disease
• High salt diet = hypertension
• High caffeine = hypertension
• High-fat diets = cardio disease & certain cancer

Front 16

Many benefits to exercise:

Back 16

• enhanced cardio fitness
• avoid obesity
• protection from stress
• decrease risk for - colon cancer & breast cancer
• positive effect on mental health

Front 17

Self-Concept

aka

(Self-Schemas)

Back 17

an organized collection of beliefs about self

(how we see ourselves)

Front 18

Beliefs for a self-concept:

Back 18

• personality traits
• abilities
• physical features
• values
• goals

Front 19

3 Types of Self-Perception

Back 19

1. actual self
2. ideal self
3. ought self
   

Front 20

Actual Self

Back 20

qualities people think they actually possess

Front 21

Ideal Self

Back 21

Qualities people would like to have

Front 22

Ought Self

Back 22

Qualities people think they should possess

Front 23

Self-Discrepancies

Back 23

When there is a mismatch btwn actual, ideal, & ought selves.

Front 24

When the actual self falls short of the ideal self, we feel . . .

Back 24

Sad and dejected.

Front 25

We feel irritable & guilty when

Back 25

the actual self falls short of the ought self.

Front 26

Social Comparison Theory

Back 26

1954 Festinger

when we compare ourselves w/ others in order to assess and/or improve our abilities

Front 27

If we want to improve our self-concept then we will choose

Back 27

A reference group of superior quality

Front 28

If we want to bolster our self-concept then we will choose

Back 28

A reference group of inferior quality

Front 29

Generally self-images tend to be distorted in a positive direction.

Back 29

True.

Front 30

Shaping our self-concept is

Back 30

affected by our parents, teachers, and peers.

Front 31

Process of Seeking Treatment

3 Stages

Back 31

1. We must decide our physical sensations are symptoms of an illness.
2. We must decide our symptoms warrant medical care.
3. We have to arrange for medical care.

Front 32

Self-Esteem

Back 32

One's overall assessment of one's worth as a person.

Front 33

2 Dimensions of parenting are important to self-esteem:

Back 33

1. Parental acceptance
2. Parental Control

Front 34

Which parenting style is associated with the highest self-esteem scores?

Back 34

Authoritative Style

Front 35

2 Types of Self-Esteem

Back 35

1. Trait self-esteem - based on traits, not changeable
2. State self-esteem - based on dynamic feelings that change

Front 36

Self-Esteem is strongly correlated with happiness.

Back 36

True

Front 37

Self-attributions

Back 37

Inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behavior.

Front 38

Internal Attributions

Back 38

Causes of behavior due to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, & feelings.

Front 39

External Attributions

Back 39

Behavior is due to situational demands.

Front 40

Three Motives related to self-perception.

Back 40

1. self-assessment
2. self-verification
3. self-enhancement

Front 41

Self-assessment

Back 41

Desire for truthful information about oneself.

Front 42

Self-verification

Back 42

Preference for feedback that matches our self view.

Front 43

Self-enhancement

Back 43

Desire to maintain positive feelings about oneself.

Front 44

Public Self

Back 44

An image presented to others in social interactions.

Front 45

Self-efficacy

Back 45

One's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes.

Front 46

5 Key Sources of Info

for Person Perception:

Back 46

1. Appearance
2. Verbal behavior
3. Actions
4. Nonverbal Messages
5. Situations

Front 47

Snap Judgements

Back 47

Judgements made quickly and based on only a few tidbits of info & preconceived notions.

Front 48

Systematic Judgements

Back 48

Require more controlled processing & tend to occur when forming impressions of others that affect our happiness or welfare.

Front 49

Attributions

Back 49

Inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behavior & events.

Front 50

2 Types of Attributions

Back 50

1. Internal
2. External

Front 51

Internal Attributions

Back 51

Blame the person

Front 52

External Attributions

Back 52

Blame the situation

Front 53

2 Types of Perceiver Expectations

Back 53

1. Confirmation Bias
2. Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

Front 54

Confirmation Bias

Back 54

Tend to seek info that supports our belief while not pursuing disconfirming info

Front 55

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Back 55

Expectations about a person causes him/her to behave in ways that confirm the expectations.

Front 56

Social Categorizations

Back 56

Cognitive "shortcuts" where we categorize people based on their nationality, gender, race, etc.

Front 57

Stereotypes

Back 57

Widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics b/c of their membership in a particular group.

Front 58

Stereotypes persist b/c they are functional and require less cognitive effort.

Back 58

True.

Front 59

Fundamental Attribution Error

Back 59

Tendency to explain other people's behavior as personal (internal) rather than situational (external)

Front 60

Defensive Attribution

Back 60

Blame victims for their misfortune so one feels less likely to be vicitimized in the same way.

Front 61

Prejudice

Back 61

Negative attitude toward members of a group

Front 62

Discrimination

Back 62

Behaving differently (usually unfairly) toward members of a group.

Front 63

2 Steps to Make an Attribution

Back 63

1. Focus on the person (internal)
2. Focus on the situation (external)

Front 64

Causes of Prejudice

Back 64

1. Authoritarian Personality
2. Cognitive Distortions & Expectations
3. Competition btwn Groups
4. Threats to Social Identity

Front 65

Persuasion

Back 65

Involves the communication of arguments and info intended to change another person's attitudes.

Front 66

Elements of Persuasion

Back 66

• Source
• Receiver
• Message
• Channel

Front 67

Persuasion is more effective when:

Back 67

• The source has high credibility
• The source is likeable.

Front 68

Peripheral Route

Back 68

Not mindful processing (less energy)

Front 69

Central Route

Back 69

Mindful processing, more effective & lasts longer - but takes more energy.

Front 70

Conformity

Back 70

Occurs when people yield to real or imagined pressure.

Ex. Asch's study of wrong answers

Front 71

Compliance

Back 71

When people yield to social pressure in public, but don't change their beliefs in private

Front 72

Bystander Effect

Back 72

The tendency for individuals to be less likely to provide help when others are present then when they are alone.

Front 73

Obedience

Back 73

Form of compliance, that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone of authority

Ex. Milgram's study - shocking for wrong answers

Front 74

Obedience is strongest when:

Back 74

• Demands increase gradually
• Others take responsibility
• Motivated to meet authority figure's expectations