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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Kohler's Psychophysical isomorphism?
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The structural equivalence between particular brain and particular conscious experiences. i.e. analogous to the relationship between a map and the actual place.
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What is Kohler's minimum principle?
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States that what we perceive is based not so much on what is actually in the external world, but on our organization of our experiences of the external world in ways that simplify it as much as possible.
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What is Koffka's Physiognomic properties?
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Personal characteristics defined from their form- and these properties are intrinsic and so, do not need to be learned.
Takete and Maluma |
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Lewin's Principles of contemporaneity?
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Lewin’s contention that only present facts can influence present thinking and behaviour.
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Lewin's Zeigarnik effect?
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The tendency to remember uncompleted tasks better than completed ones.
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Pavlov's Cortical mosaic?
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The pattern of excitation and inhibition that characterizes the brain at any given time, and which determines in a given setting how the organism responds to its environment.
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Bechterev's Reflexology?
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the strictly objective study of human behaviour that seeks to understand the relationship between environment and behaviour.
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What did Watson study?
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- Radical environmentalism
-Tropism - Learned and Unlearned |
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What are 4 methods that Watson used to study behaviour?
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- conditioning
- verbal reports - testing - observation |
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What is the difference between overt and covert?
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overt - explicit
covert - implicit |
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Lashley's Ablation?
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a technique in which parts of the cerebral cortex are destroyed and the effects on the functioning of the organism is observed.
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The law of mass action and The law of equipotentiality mean?
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law of mass action - degree vs location - meaning that it's doesn't matter where, but how much is destroyed
law of equipotentially - is the that the whole area needs to be destroyed to destroy one function. |
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What is Lashley's Engram?
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the suppose neurophysiological locus of learning; a theoretical term that has been used to denote the hypothetical means by which memories are stored as physical or biochemical changes in the brain.
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Hull's Hypothetical-deductive theory is?
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methodological approach which involved deducing postulates from theory which can then be put to empirical test.
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Hull/Tolman's Intervening variables?
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That there is a relationship between the environment and behaviours.
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Hull's Drive-reduction theory of reinforcement states?
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states that a biological need created a drive in the organism and the diminution of this drive constitutes reinforcement
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What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers according to Hull?
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Primary is the reinforcer that reduces the drive.
Secondary is the reinforcer that relies on something that reduces the drive. |
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What is the difference between Molar and Molecular behaviour according to Tolman?
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Molar - behaviour that is directed towards a goal and which terminates when the goal is attained. (long-term)
Molecular -specific muscular and glandular movement, and constitutes only a small segment of behaviour. Ie. Heart pumping (small timeframe) |
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Explain Tolman's Cognitive Maps.
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H -hypothesis
E - expectation B - belief |
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What did Skinner mean by atheoritical?
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– insisted on the operational definition of all theoretical terms
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What is Skinner's Radical Behaviourism?
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Type of mentalistic explanations of behaviour, and assumed that behaviour could be completely explained in terms of events external to the organism
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What did Mesmer mean by Animal gravitation and Animal magnetism ?
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Animal gravitation - a force through which planetary bodies influence human behaviour
Animal magnetism - a force that is evenly distributed through the bodies of healthy people, and unevenly distributed throughout the bodies of unhealthy people, causing a variety of symptoms. (mermerism) |
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An example of Freud's Cathartic notion?
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Anne O
That releasing the repression with make one feel better. |
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Freud's Cathartic method?
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allowing pathogenic ideas to be expressed consciously (Anne O)
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Superego?
1. Conscience 2. Ego-ideal |
“the over I”, social and moral component
- – internalized experiences for which the child has been consistently punished -- the internalized experiences for which the child has been rewarded. |
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What is Cathexis vs. Countercathexis?
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the investment of physic energy in thoughts of things that can satisfy a person’s needs and desire and giving up those investments (repression)
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What is the id?
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it is the driving force of personality and contains all the instincts, hunger, thirst, sex (pleasure principle – need or desire seeks to be immediately satisfied irregardless of the consequences)
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Name the 5 psychosexual stages.
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oral, anal, phallic, latency, gential
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Define Freud's Dreamwork, condensation, and displacement.
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1. Dream work – mechanism that distorts the meaning of a dream, tolerable
2. Condensation – single dream symbolizes different things in waking life 3. Displacement – instead of dreaming about anxiety provoking object or event the dreamer dreams of sth. Symbolically similar to it. |
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Define Anna Freuds' regression, denial, displacement.
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Repression – involuntarily removing from consciousness some memory, wish, or perception that causes discomfort or anxiety.
Denial – denying the existence of an external threat or traumatic event. Displacement – shifting id impulses from a threatening or unavailable object to an object that is available. |
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What is Reaction formation?
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expressing an id impulse that is the opposite to the one that is really driving the person.
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What is Altruistic surrender?
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the mechanism that one avoids personal anxiety by vicariously living the life of another. A wife investing in her husband’s career
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What is the difference between Freud and the Object Relation theorists?
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- Unlike Freud emphasized social and environment influences on personality
- the psychoanalytic theory that emphasises the notion that the ego only exists in relation to other objects which may be external or internal. |
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What is Kohut's Nuclear-self?
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– part of self which develops from the relationships that form between infant and self-objects
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What is the difference between Jung's analytical psychology and Freud's?
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emphasized personal experience and the deep forces and motivation underlying human behaviour
-Continuous psychological growth -Philosophical and spiritual needs -Future shapes us too |
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What is Jung's Archtypes?
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an inherited predisposition to respond emotionally to certain categories of experience not experienced directly, but via images that are shaped by them.
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What is the difference between a Anima? and Animus?
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Anima - feminine component of the male personality, provides so that males can interact with females. Animus is the component that allows female to interact with males.
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What is Jung's "self"
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it is the most important part of the person, it creates balance of the unconsciousness.
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What did alder do?
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individual psychology
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What is social interest?
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an innate potential to cooperate with others in order to achieve personal and societal goals
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What is the Creative self ?
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the component of personality that provides humans with the freedom to choose their own destinies.
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Horney's
Basic anxiety? |
all-pervading feeling of being lonely and helpless
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Horney's Compliant personality and Detached personality?
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Compliant personality – tendency to move toward other people, to express the need for approval and affection
Detached personality – tendency to move away from people, to express the need for independence and perfection, and generally avoid interaction with others |
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What is - Existentialism – ?
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doctrine that concentrates on the existence of the individual, who, being free and responsible, is held to be what he makes himself.
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Heidegger Dasein?
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– concerned with the fact that he or she is a being-in-the-world.
People want to know what it means to be in the world and ask fundamental questions about the nature of existence. |
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What is Heidegger's Authentic life?
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freely chosen and not dictated by others and their values
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What is Heidegger's Guilt and anxiety ?
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– alone, group morality, to exist is to agree that we cannot exist
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What is Heidegger's Throwness
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– we get thrown into existence and circumstance.
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What is the difference between Heidegger's and Binswanger's psychology?
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Binswanger thought that the more choice we are given, the more doubt, and more dread.
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What is May's Human dilemma?
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paradox that results from the dual nature of humans as objects to which things happen and as subjects who assign meanings to their experiences
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What is May's stages?
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innocence, rebellion, decision, ordinary, creative.
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What is May's Self-alienation ?
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– a condition that results when a person accepts values other than those that they have attained freely and personally as guides living.
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What is Maslow's Self-actualization?
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an innate, human tendency toward wholeness, to reach one’s full human potential and to be true to one’s nature.
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What is involved in Kelly's Reportory Grid Interview?
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Topic- some part of person’s life
Set of elements – which are examples of the topic Set of constructs – basic terms that client uses Set of rating of elements on constructs – each element rated in terms of extremes of each construct. |
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What is Hall's Storm and Stress?
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females should engage in motherhood and males in savage impulses.
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What is Hall's Assimulation and Accomodation?
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Assimilation – cognitive process of “taking in” information from the surrounding environment in terms of existing schema
Accommodation – adapting existing schemas to fit incoming information. |
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Name Hall's 4 stages of development.
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Sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete, and formal
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