Psyc 2064 Final Exam

Front 1

Working memory

Back 1

Temporary registration for information while it's being used; active storage, limited, consciously controlled, vulnerable to interference

Front 2

Which cortical area relates to working memory?

Back 2

PreFrontalCortex

Front 3

Long-term potentiation

Back 3

Increase in synaptic strength when both neurons activated

Front 4

Long-term depression

Back 4

Decrease in strength of synapses when presynaptic neurons insufficient to activate postsynaptic cells; brain clears memories -> "unlearning"

Front 5

Associative long-term potentiation

Back 5

presynaptic neurons influence sensitivity of nearby synapses (may underlie classical conditioning)

Front 6

Neurochemical processes in long-term potentiation

Back 6

LTP and LTD triggered by theata activity (4-7 Hz); enhanced during peaks; glutamate activiates AMPA; NMDA blocked by Mg ions; 1st pulses partially depolarize membrane and dislodge Mg ions; further stimulation activates NMDA, depolarizing membrane; Ca2+ activates enzyme, strengthens synapse

Front 7

Intelligence

Back 7

Ability to reason, understand, profit from experience, adapt, shape, select environments towards goal of survival, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, learn quickly; general mental capacity

Front 8

Intelligence quotient

Back 8

Mental age divided by chronological age

Front 9

G-factor

Back 9

General intelligence; general factor contributing to all tests (opposed to factors specific to region/upbringing)

Front 10

Psychosis

Back 10

Disturbances of reality, orientation, and thinking

Front 11

Continuity (abnormal behaviour)

Back 11

abnormal behaviour is just an extreme form of normal psychological problems

Front 12

Discontinuity (abnormal behaviour)

Back 12

Abnormal behaviour is distinctly different from normal psychological problems

Front 13

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Back 13

The presence of abnormal behaviours and thoughts

Front 14

Though disorder

Back 14

Disorganized and irrational thinking

Front 15

Delusion

Back 15

A belief that is clearly in contraction to reality

Front 16

Hallucination

Back 16

Perception of a nonexistent object or event

Front 17

Negative symptoms

Back 17

The absence of behaviours that are normally present; social withdrawal, lack of affect, reduced motivation

Front 18

Cognitive symptoms

Back 18

Symptoms involving cognitive deficits; difficulty in sustaining attention, deficits in learning and memory, poor abstract thinking, poor problem solving

Front 19

Dopamine hypothesis

Back 19

Schizophrenia involves excessive DA activity in the brain

Front 20

Glutamate theory

Back 20

Hypofunction of NMDA receptors results in increases in DA

Front 21

Brain anomalies in schizophrenia

Back 21

Brain tissue deficits, ventricular enlargement; measured by poor performance on WCST

Front 22

Hypofrontality

Back 22

Prefrontal DA deficiency, DA agonsit will increase blood flow in DL PFC and improve WCST performance

Front 23

Central mechanism of hallucination

Back 23

Hyperactivation of sensory areas

Front 24

Peripheral mechanisms of hallucination

Back 24

Sensory gating

Front 25

Startle modification

Front 26

Pre-pulse inhibition

Back 26

inhibits initial pulse sent as a "warning" before stimulus pulse is sent

Front 27

Influences on schizophrenia

Back 27

Low birth weight, premature labor, mother's stress, prenatal starvation, father's age

Front 28

Winter birth effect

Back 28

Greater possibility to develop schizophrenia in people who are born during the winter/spring

Front 29

Depression

Back 29

Intense feeling of sadness; sad to the point of hopeless (weeks at a time), losing ability to enjoy life, relationship, sex; loss of motivation, slowness of thought, sleep disturbance

Front 30

Mania

Back 30

Excess energy and confidence that often lead to grandiose schemes, decreased need or sleep, increased sex drive, drug abuse

Front 31

Bipolar disorder

Back 31

Alternations between periods of depression and mania

Front 32

Sex differences in vulnerability to depression

Back 32

Females more likely to suffer from depression; higher rate of suicide in men; 29% heritability for men, 42% for women

Front 33

Monoamine hypotesis of depression

Back 33

Depression involves reduced activity at NE and 5-HT synapses; various antidepressant drugs can influence different stages of NE and 5-HT activities at synapses

Front 34

Frontal cortex in depression

Back 34

Hyperactivity of subgenual anterior cingulated cortex, along with decreased activity in other regions of frontal cortex; SACC connected with other reagions of PFC that inhibits amygdala

Front 35

Anxiety

Back 35

Anticipation of events or an inappropriate reaction to the environment; fear is a reaction to real objects

Front 36

Phobia

Back 36

Experiences of fear or stress when confronted with a particular situation

Front 37

Generalized anxiety

Back 37

Feelings of stress and uneasiness most of the time and overreacts to stressful conditions

Front 38

Panic disorder

Back 38

Sudden and intense attack of anxiety with symptoms such as rapid breathing, high heart rate, and feelings of impending disaster

Front 39

PTSD

Back 39

A prolonged stressreaction to a traumatic event; characterized by recurrent thoughts and images, nightmares, lack of concentration, and overreactivity to environmental stimuli

Front 40

GABA

Back 40

Major neurotransmitter in anxiety disorders

Front 41

Anomalies in brain functioning (anxiety disorder)

Back 41

Hyperactiviation of amygdala and ACC; PTSD marked by decreased activity in mPFC

Front 42

Zeitgeber

Back 42

Stimulus for resetting biological clocks

Front 43

Free-running cycles

Back 43

Sleep-wake cycles that occur without zeitgeber

Front 44

Inner pacemaker of circadian rhythms

Back 44

Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus

Front 45

Melanopsin

Back 45

Photopigment found in retinal ganglion cells and important for perception of light

Front 46

Melatonin

Back 46

Hormone inducing sleep

Front 47

Reticular Activating System

Back 47

Set of nuclei in the brain regulting arousal level, which is active and maintains EEG arousal an desynchrony during awakened state

Front 48

Raphe

Back 48

Activation inhibits RAS, which remove inhibition on medial thalamus

Front 49

Medial thalamus

Back 49

Becomes active and drives cortical neurons into a synchronuous pattern

Front 50

Locus coeruleus (NE)

Back 50

Inhibitory over the raphe, resulting activation of the RAS

Front 51

Stages of sleep

Back 51

W: alpha wave, drowsy wakefulness

1: Light sleep

2: 10 min "transition stage", sleep spindles and K complexes

3: first delta appearance

4: Greaterthan 50% delta

REM: rapid eye movement/dreaming

Front 52

Adaptive sleep hypothesis

Back 52

sleep evolved for survival value; energy efficient circadian cycles; protects from predators

Front 53

Restorative sleep hypothesis

Back 53

Rest and bodily repair; restores bodily homeostasis