Psyc 110 Chapter 1&2

Front 1

testable hypothesis

Back 1

specific claim about the facts, framed in a way that will allow an unambiguous test.

Front 2

operational definition

Back 2

one that translates the variable we want to assess into a specific procedure or measurement.

Front 3

dependent variable

Back 3

so called because the investigator usually wants to find out whether changes in this variable depends on some other factor.

Front 4

independent variability

Back 4

is the factor whose effects we hope to examine. what is being measured.

Front 5

population

Back 5

all members of a given group

Front 6

sample

Back 6

a subset of the population they are interested in

Front 7

random sampling

Back 7

a procedure in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being picked to participate in the study.

Front 8

random assignment

Back 8

random placement of participants in either the experimental or control group.

Front 9

external validity

Back 9

to make sure the study represents the world as it exists outside of our investigation.

Front 10

double blind

Back 10

keeping both the participants and the researchers unaware of who is assigned to which group.

Front 11

descriptive statistic

Back 11

allows a researcher to characterize a data pattern; includes measure of central tendency and variability.

Front 12

inferential statistic

Back 12

allows a researcher to draw further claims from a data pattern; whether a pattern observed in the sample is likely to be observed in other samples.

Front 13

mean

Back 13

sum of all observations divided by the number of observations.

Front 14

median

Back 14

the middle number of the distribution

Front 15

variability

Back 15

how far the scores distance is from the center value.

Front 16

standard deviation

Back 16

calculated as the square root of the variance.

Front 17

frequency distribution

Back 17

tabulation data values based on how often they occur in a data set.

Front 18

correlation

Back 18

the tendency of two variables to change together. pos: one goes up as the other goes up. neg: one goes up and one goes down. -1.00 - +1.00

Front 19

reliability

Back 19

consistency with which a test measures a trait or attribute.

Front 20

test-re-test

Back 20

whether a test is sonsistent in what it measures, if it happens on one occasion will the results be the same on another occasion.

Front 21

inter-rater reliability

Back 21

measure of agreement among several independent observations of an event or stimulus.

Front 22

construct validity

Back 22

what is being observed.

Front 23

Quasi experiment

Back 23

a comparison that relies on already existing groups.

Front 24

experimental

Back 24

researcher manipulates an independent variable to examine its effect on the dependent variable.

Front 25

experimental manipulation

Back 25

deliberate alteration of the independent variable.

Front 26

control group

Back 26

group that doesn't experience any manipulation.

Front 27

confounds

Back 27

alters the result of the data.

Front 28

confirmation bias

Back 28

researcher looks for results that supports one's hypothesis rather than results the undermine one's hypothesis.

Front 29

chromosome

Back 29

contain the genes

Front 30

dna

Back 30

molecule that constituent of genes.

Front 31

gene

Back 31

contains instructions for how and when to assemble a protein.

Front 32

genotype

Back 32

complete set of an organism's genes.

Front 33

phenotype

Back 33

physical characteristics and behaviors of an organism.

Front 34

allele

Back 34

alternative form of a specific gene.

Front 35

dominant

Back 35

gene that directs the development of a particular characteristic.

Front 36

recessive

Back 36

gene that directs the development of a particular characteristic only when the corresponding gene matches it.

Front 37

codominant

Back 37

when both genes in the pair affect the characteristic.

Front 38

incomplete dominance

Back 38

when two alleles have a characteristic that is intermediate between the types favored by either on their own.

Front 39

serotonin transporter gene

Back 39

chemical nerve cells use to communicate with each other- regulates emotion. -mops up serotonin after it has been used to send a message.

Front 40

niche construction

Back 40

organisms alter the environment and create their own circumstances. -adaptation.

Front 41

species specific

Back 41

one species

Front 42

species general

Back 42

all organisms in a species

Front 43

dizygotic

Back 43

fraternal twins.

Front 44

monozygotic

Back 44

identical twins

Front 45

heritability ration

Back 45

what proportion of the variance of a trait is due to genetic differences.

Front 46

monogamy

Back 46

one man and one woman

Front 47

polygamy

Back 47

one with many others

Front 48

polygyny

Back 48

one male several female

Front 49

poyandry

Back 49

one female several male.