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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychologies 4 goals
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- Description
- Explanation -Prediction -Control |
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4 Canons of Science
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-Determinism
-Empiricism -Parsimony -Testability |
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Determinism
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Assumption that universe is orderly
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Empiricism
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To understand behavior through observation
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Parsimony
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Simpler explanation usually is best
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Testability
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Falsifiability, theory out to be able to be proven wrong.
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Logical Positivism
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get rid of all statements that cannot be publicly verified or empirically tested.
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Biological perspective
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biological functions w/in the brain. Physiology is density.
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Cognitive Perspective
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cognitive causes, you are how you think.
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Basic research
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seeks answers for purpose of increasing knowledge
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Applied Research
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Seeks answers for specific problems
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Wilhelm Wundt
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founder of psychology as a discipline. Structuralism: basic elements of the mind - introspection.
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the Gestaltists
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considered the whole is greater then the sum.suggested perception is more then individual sensations
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Sigmund Freud
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Founded
psychoanalysis, focused on unconscious thoughts in determining behavior. |
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Ivan Pavlov
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first described classical conditioning. Showed that reflexes can be learnt.
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John Watson
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founder of behaviorism
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B. F. Skinner
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Extended
behaviorism, examined the effects of reinforcement on behavior |
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Hypothesis
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a possible way things could be
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Theory
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An explanation for the way things are. Supported by large amounts of data which provides testable hypothesis.
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Scientific Psychology
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Attempts to predicts and explain behavior and thought.
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Informed Consent
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subjects must be told about foreseeable risks
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Deception
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some psychologists tolerate none of it. Others fined it ok as long as subject is properly debriefed.
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Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC)
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protects principals of ethical treatment toward Animals.
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Operational Definition
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statement used to define research variables.
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Replication
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repeating essence of a research to see if basic findings extends to other circumstances and subjects.
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Case Study
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study of small number of individuals in great depth
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Survey
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study of large number of individuals in small depth.
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Naturalistic Observation
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observe behavior of organisms in natural habitat
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Laboratory Observation
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Observe behavior in a laboratory where
extraneous variables can be controlled and specialized equipment can be used |
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A scale that consistently reads
10 pounds heavy can be described as... |
Reliable but not valid
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A scale that reads a different
value every time I step on it in a 2 minute period is… |
Neither reliable nor
valid |
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Correlation
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cannot imply causation
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Determining Cause and Effect?
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Experimentation
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Independent Variable
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factor the experimenter manipulates
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Dependent Variable
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what the experimenter actually measures
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Experimental Condition
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condition of experiment which exposes subjects to treatment
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Control Condition
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condition of experiment contrasted with the experimental condition
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Extraneous Variable
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Anything other then the independent variable which might influence the dependent variable
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confounding variables
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when 2 variables are linked in such a way it is difficult to separate their effect on the dependent variable.
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Random Assignment
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all subjects have equal chance of being assigned to a group or condition.
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Double-blind Procedure
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both subject and staff are ignorant to whether subject received treatment or placebo
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Longitudinal studies
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follow same group for long period of time
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cross-sectional studies
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asses groups of differing ages, usually at the same time.
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mean
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average
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Median
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middle score
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mode
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most frequent score
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range
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difference between highest and lowest score
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Standard Deviation (SD)
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compares every score in a distribution to the mean
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Statistical significance
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when the probability of findings being due to chance are vary low
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P<0.05
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refers to vary low statistical significance
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Null Hypothesis
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No change in Dependent Variable or Dependent Variable is caused by chance.
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Inferential Statistics
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compute the possibility that Null Hypothesis is true.
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Natural Selection (3 step process)
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-variation
-selection -retention |
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sexual selection
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females what to choose mates that can best father offspring (peacock tail, antlers)
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Application of Darwinian theory in Psychology
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shows us that humans are among animal kingdom not above it, therefore findings on animals may apply to humans.
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2 major factors in human evolution:
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-Bipedalism
-Encephalization |
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Diploid
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2 copies of every gene (all mammals have this)
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alleles
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the different forms
of a single gene are |
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dominant allele
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has most impact in phenotype
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recessive allele
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has less impact on phenotype
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homozygous
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same alleles
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heterozygous
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different alleles
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sex-linked genes
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expressed on one of the sex chromosomes and are primarily expressed in one sex
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Mutations
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accidental changes in sequence of genes
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Gene
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stretch of DNA which codes for a specific protein
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Heredity
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inherited set of developmental instructions
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Nature (nature vs. nurture)
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everything is encoded biologically
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Nurture (nature vs. nurture)
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everything is learned though experience
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Modern View (nature vs. nurture)
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the 2 are not separable, a better statement would go nature via nurture.
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sociobiology
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The study of the genetic bases of
social behaviour |
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Parental Investment
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The resources that a
parent spends in procreations and feeding, nurturing, and protecting of offspring |
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sexual selection
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Selection of traits specific to
sex, such as body size or particular patterns of behaviour |
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Reproductive Strategies
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Different systems
of mating and rearing offspring, including monogamy, polygyny, polyandry, and polygynandry |
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Monogamy
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mating of one female and one male
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Polygyny
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mating of one male with more then one female
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Polyandry
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mating of one female with more then one male
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Polygynandry
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mating of several females with several males
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Selfish gene
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idea that its not necessarily about breading but getting your genes to survive through the next generation.
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Cell body
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contains nucleus. round central structure, no role in neural signaling.
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Dendrites
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input, if enough input the axon may generate an output.
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Dendritic Growth
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cell doesnt divide, but more dendrites are created. New connections are made during learning.
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Axon
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cells output structure
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Myelin sheath
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white fatty casing on axon. works as an insulator.
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Action Potential
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electrical signal by which neurons communicate
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a resting neuron is...
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negatively charged
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If a portion is stimulated beyond its threshold, it briefly...
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reverses polarity
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Neurotransmitters are released at
the... |
axon terminals
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Depolarization
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lead edge of the action potential
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Re-polarization
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inside of cell becomes negatively charged again.
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Synapse
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gap in between axon terminal and and another neuron
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synaptic vesicles
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holds neurotransmitter, and is released during neural firing.
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neurotransmitters bind to...
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receptor site on target cell
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Acetylcholine
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important for learning, memory,
muscle movement |
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Serotonin
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influences mood and regulates food
intake |
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Dopamine
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important to movement and to
frontal lobe activity |
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GABA
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important in inhibiting neural activity
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Norepinephrine
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maintains alertness &
wakefulness |
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Endorphins
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regulate firing of pain neurons
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Agonist
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often mimic the action of a naturally occurring substance
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Antagonist
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usually blocks action of a neurotransmitter
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Psychoactive drugs
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chemicals that change perception and mood
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Stimulants
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excite neural functions. Arouse Body functions.
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Depressants
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calm neural activity and slow body functions
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Hallucinogens
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Distort existing perceptions and evoke perception w/o sensation.
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Physical Dependence
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physiological dependence to drug, uncomfortable withdrawal.
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Psychological Dependence
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a psychological need to use a drug. for example, to relieve negative emotions.
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Central Nervous System
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brain and spinal cord
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Peripheral Nervous System
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Nerves connecting Central Nervous System to the muscles and organs
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Autonomic Nervous System
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self regulated of internal organs and glands (part of the Peripheral Nervous System)
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Somatic Nervous System
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controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles.
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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Arousing, Includes the spinal chord and a chain of ganglia (neural “knots” or center) that runs
parallel to the cord |
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Includes the
upper section of spinal chord Nerves from here become the cranial nerves found in the head |
