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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychology was largely influenced by which two other academic fields? |
1. Biology 2. Philosophy |
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what are the 4 philosophical themes we discussed? |
1. free will v. determination 2. nature v. nurture 3. reason v. emotion 4. consciousness v. unconsciousness |
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Plato would have supported which position of the nature v. nurture debate? |
nature |
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Aristotle would have supported which position of the nature v. nurture debate? |
nurture |
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What year was psychology officially founded? |
December 1789 |
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Who was Wilhelm Wundt? What paradigm did he support? |
he is known as the "father of psychology" because he founded it, he supported and founded structuralism |
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What is structuralism? |
an early school of psychological thought (paradigm), it used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind, it is considered the begins of psychology even though it eventually died |
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who was Edward Bradford Titchener? |
he was a student of Wundt and supporter of structuralism, who engaged people in self respective introspection and asked them to report the most basic elements of what they saw/smelt/and felt |
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who was William James? |
he was given credit for being the beginning of American Psychology, he supported Functionalism |
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what is Functionalism? |
an early school of thought that was promoted by James and influenced by darwinism, it focuses on exploring how mental processes worked-- how they enabled people to adapt, survive, and flourish, it eventually branched off into other paradigms |
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what are the two early schools of psychological thought? |
1. structuralism 2. functionalism |
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what was the earliest definition of psychology? |
"the science of mental life" |
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Who was John B. Watson? |
a psychologist who dismissed introspection, he was the original behaviorist, and was influenced by Pavlov, he was known for focusing on stimulus and response psychology |
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what is Behaviorism? |
a paradigm that suggested that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes |
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who else, besides Watson was a behaviorist? |
B.F. Skinner |
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what is Gestalt Psychology? |
a paradigm that eventually overthrew structuralism in Europe, stressed that the whole is greater than the sum |
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who was Sigmund Freud? |
the father of psychoanalysis and freudian psychology |
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what is Freudian Psychology? |
a paradigm that emphasized the ways out unconscious thought processes and our emotional responses to childhood experience affect our behavior, focused on psychoanalysis |
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what is psychoanalysis? |
theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and con-flicts. |
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what are humanistic psychologists? and who are two examples?
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they contested behaviorism and emphasized the growth potential of healthy people, they were mostly led by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow |
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what is cognitive psychology? |
how we encode process, store, and retrieveinformation |
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what is cognitive neuroscience? |
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activitylinked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language) |
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what is cognition? |
the mental action or process of acquiring knowledgeand understanding |
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what is today's definition of psychology? |
the science of behavior and mental processes |
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what is meant by levels of analysis? |
the differing complementary views, from (1) biological to (2) psychological to (3)social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon. |
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What is the biopsychosocial approach? |
an integrated approach that incorporates biological,psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis |
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what is the neuroscience perspective? |
studying how the body and brain create emotions, memories, andsensory experiences |
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what is the evolutionary perspective? |
studying how nature selects traits that promote the perpetuationof one’s genes |
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what is the behavioral-genetics perspective? |
studying how much our genes and our environment influence ourindividual differences |
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what is the psychodynamic perspective? |
studying how behavior spring from unconscious drives andconflicts |
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what is behavioral perspective? |
studying how we learn observable responses |
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what is the cognitive perspective? |
studying how we encode, process, store, and retrieveinformation |
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what is the social-cultural perspective? |
studying how behavior and thinking vary across situations andcultures |
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what is basic research? |
pure science that aims to increase the scientificknowledge base |
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what is applied research? |
scientific study that aims to solve practicalproblems |
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what is counseling psychology? |
a branch of psychology that assists people withproblems in living and in achieving greater well being |
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what is clinical psychology? |
a branch of psychology that studies, asses, andtreats people with psychological disorders |
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what is psychiatry? |
a branch of medicine dealing with psychologydisorders, practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments aswell as psychological therapy |
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what is positive psychology? |
the scientific study of human functioning with thegoals of discovering and promoting strength and virtues that help individualsand communities to thrive |
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why is psychological so criticized? |
people often think that it is just "common sense", but common logic can be faulty |
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what is the hindsight bias? |
the tendency to believe after learning an outcome,that one would have foreseen It (knew-it-all along phenomenon) |
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what is meant by overconfidence? |
We tend to be too confident in our own intuition |
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what is the illusory correlation? |
falsely connecting tow events that have no connectionto one another |
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what is skepticism? |
how psychologists typically approach things, doubtingthings without sufficient proof |
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what is critical thinking? |
thinking that does not blindly accept argumentsand conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns, hidden values,evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions |
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what is a paradigm? |
a broad way of looking at things withinparadigms are theories |
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what is a theory? |
an explanation using an integrated set of principlesthat organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events, within theoriesare hypotheses |
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what is a hypothesis? |
a testable prediction often implied in theories |
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what is a operational definition? |
a statement of the procedures used to define researchvariables. |
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what is the reliability of a variable? |
consistency, if you repeatedly get the sameresult of a variable it is considered to be reliable |
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what is the validity of a variable? |
depends on how correct the variable is, if it iscorrect it is considered valid |
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what is the case study technique? |
an observation technique in which one person isstudied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles |
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what is naturalistic observation technique? |
observing and recording behavior in naturallyoccurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |
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what is the survey technique? |
a technique for ascertaining the self reportedattitude of a particular group usually by questioning a representative randomsample of the group |
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what is a random sample? |
a sample that fairly represents a populationbecause each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
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what is correlation? |
a measure of the extent to which two factorsvary together and this of how well wither factor predicts the other |
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what is the correlational research technique? |
research that involves the relationship betweentwo variables |
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what is a correlation coefficient? |
a statistical index of the relationship between twothings. Scale from -1 to +1. 0 being no correlation. The higher the number themore the two variables are related. If the sign is negative, then when onevariable increases the other decreases. If the sign is positive they increaseand decrease together |
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correlation does not prove... |
causation |
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what is an experimental group? |
in an experiment it is the group that is exposed tosome version of the treatment |
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what is a control group? |
in an experiment is the group that is exposed to no treatment |
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what is the independent variable? |
the variable that is controlled and manipulated |
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what is the dependent variable? |
the variable that depends on the independentvariable |
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what is a confounding variable? |
a factor other than the independent that might producean effect in an experiment |
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what is the control? |
other variables that have to be equal |
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what is random assignment? |
each participant has to have an equal chance of beingin any group (control or experimental) |
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what is a double-blind procedure? |
an experimental procedure in which both theresearch participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whetherthe research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. |
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what is the placebo effect? |
experimental results caused by expectations alone |
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what is informed consent? |
giving participants enough info about at studyto enable them to decide whether they wish to participate |
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what is debriefing? |
explaining fully the experiment to the participantafter it is done |
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what is replication? |
repeating the essence of a research study, usuallywith different participants in different situations, to see whether the basicfinding extends to other participants and circumstances |
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what is natural selection? |
the principle that among the range of inheritedtrait variations those contributing to reproduction and survival will mostlikely be passed on to succeeding generations |
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what is the testing effect? |
enhanced memory after retrieving rather thanrereading information |
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what is SQ3R? |
a study method incorporating five steps: survey,question, read, retrieve, and review |
