Psyc 001 Chapter 15: Treatment Of Psychological Disorders

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psychotherapy

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the generic name given to formal psychological treatment; all forms involve interactions between practitioner and client

generally aimed at changing patterns of thought or of behavior

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biological therapies

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treatment based on medical approaches to illness and to disease

treatments range from drugs to electrical stimulation of brain regions to surgical intervention

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psychopharmacology

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use of medications that affect brain or body functions

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free association
(freudian psychoanalysis)

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the client would say whatever came to his mind and the therapist would look for signs of unconscious conflicts

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dream analysis
(freudian psychoanalysis)

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the therapist would interpret the hidden meaning for the hidden meaning of the client's dreams

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insight

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the goal of psychoanalysis; a patient's awareness of his or her own unconscious psychological processes and how these processes affect daily functioning

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psychodynamic theory

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a therapist aims to help a patient examine the patient's needs, defenses, and motives as a way of understanding why the patient is distressed

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client-centered therapy
(Carl Rogers)

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an empathetic approach to therapy; it encourages people to fulfill their individual potential for personal growth through greater self-understanding

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reflective listening

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the therapist repeats the client's concerns to help the person clarify his or her feelings

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motivational interviewing

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uses a client-centered approach over a very short period of time (such as one or two interviews)

proved valuable treatment for drug and alcohol abuse and increasing healthy eating habits and exercise

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behavior therapy

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treatment based on the premise that behavior is learned and therefore can be unlearned through the use of operant conditioning

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social skills training

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technique of behavior therapy; designed to elicit the desired behavior

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modeling

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technique of behavior therapy

the therapist acts out an appropriate behavior. The client is encouraged to imitate the displayed behavior, rehearse it in therapy, and later apply the learned behavior to real-world situtions

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cognitive therapy

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treatment based on the idea that distorted thoughts produce maladaptive behaviors and emotions; treatment strategies attempt to modify these thought patterns

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cognitive restructuring
(Aaron T. Beck)

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a therapy that strives to help patients recognize maladaptive thought patterns and replace them with ways of viewing the world that are more in tune with reality

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rational emotive therapy
(Albert Ellis)

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a therapist acts as a teacher, explaining the client's errors in thinking and demonstrating more-adaptive ways to think and behave

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interpersonal therapy

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focuses on circumstances--namely, relationships the client attempts to avoid. this approach integrates cognitive therapy with psychodynamic insight therapy

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Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
(John Teasdale)

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principle: people who recover from depression continue to be vulnerable to faulty thinking when they experience negative moods

goals: help clients become more aware of their negative thoughts and feelings at times when they are vulnerable an to help them learn to disengage from ruminative thinking through meditation

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Cognitive-behavioral therapy (BT)

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a therapy that incorporates techniques from cognitive therapy and behavior therapy to correct faulty thinking and change maladaptive behaviors

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exposure

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a cognitive-behavioral therapy technique that involves repeated exposure to an anxiety-producing stimulus or situation

based on classical conditioning

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exposure and response prevention

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if a client is not permitted to avoid a stimulus, the client's avoidance response is eventually extinguished

highly effective for OCD

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systematic desensitization

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a gradual form of exposure therapy; therapist exposes the client to increasingly anxiety-producing situations by having the client imagine them and then teaching the client to relax at the same time

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systematic approach

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an individual is part of a larger context. any change in individual behavior will affect the whole system

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expressed emotion

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a pattern of negative actions by a client's family members; the pattern includes critical comments, hostility directed toward the client by family members, and emotional overinvolvement

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psycotropic medications

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drugs that affect mental processes; they act by changing brain neurochemistry

fall into three categories: (1) anti-anxiety drugs, (2) anti-depressants, (3) antipsychotics

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anti-anxiety drugs

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(commonly known as tranquilizers) a class of psychotropic medications used for the treatment of anxiety

benzodiazepines (such as Xanax): increase of activity of GABA, the most pervasive inhibitory neurotransmitter

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antidepressants

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a class of psychotropic medications used for the treatment of depression

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors were the first antidepressants to be discovered; they stop the process of breaking down serotonin in the synapse. Also increase levels of norepinephrine and dopamine

tricyclic antidepressants: inhibit the reuptake of certain neurotransmitters, resulting in more of each neurotransmitter being available in the synapse

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antipsychotics

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a class of psychotropic medications used for the treatment of schizophrenia and other disorders that involve psychosis

reduce symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations

side effect: tardive dyskinesia (the involuntary twitching of muscles [in neck and face])

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mood stabilizers

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lithium: most effective treatment known for bipolar disorder

anticonvulsants (drugs that prevent seizures) also stabilize moods in bipolar disorder

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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

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a procedure that involves administering a strong electrical current to the patient's brain to produce a seizure; it is effective for some cases of severe depression

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Major types of specialized mental practicioners

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clinical psychologists: have a doctoral degree; academic of hospital settings

psychiatrists: medical degree (MD); hospitals or private practice

counseling psychologists: Ph.D.; schools/colleges (counselors, academic settings) & private practices