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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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appraisal theory
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It’s not something that happens to you that makes you feel good/bad, it’s how you interpret it
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5 components of emotion
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subjective feeling, expression/behavior, physiological changes, action, cognition
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5 problems with self-report
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access, memory, willingness, demand characteristics, intrusive
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trade-off with eliciting emotion
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more control means less intense emotion
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Signs that stand for words, etc. (gestures, insults)
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emblems
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5 categories of nonverbal expression
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emblems, illustrators, regulators, affect displays, adaptors
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Motions that accompany speech
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illustrators
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Nods, etc. to adjust flow of conversation (nonverbal equivalent of “mmm-hmm”)
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regulators
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Smiling, frowning, etc.
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affect displays
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Signs of inner anxiety, distractors (nervous habits, etc.)
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adaptors
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Darwin's 3 major contributions
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Observation, methodological advances, applying theory of evolution
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Darwin's book
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The Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals (1872)
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Evolution applied to emotions (3 points)
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Evolved, innate, functional/adaptive
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Associated habit (expression of disgust) connected to a behavior (spitting out food because it tastes bad)
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Principle of serviceable associated habits
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Experience of emotion happens in response to certain elicitors, regardless of culture
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universality of emotions
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Goodenough (1932)
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observations of 10-year-old blind and deaf girl
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Galati, Scherer, & Ricci-Bitti, 1997
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No difference between blind and sighted
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6 basic emotions (Eckman)
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joy, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, fear
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Ekman & Friesen (’71)
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Judgment studies with students of US and other Western cultures had 70% overall agreement
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Ekman Fore Research- Study 1
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Show pictures of Westerners making facial expressions to foreigners. What emotions do foreigners think they are expressing? Kids and adults agree, kids generally better
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Ekman Fore Research- Study 2
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Pick emotion that matches story
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Duchenne (1862)
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Electrical stimulation of facial muscles. Found old man suffering from facial anesthesia
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FACS acronym
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facial action coding system
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FACS based on...
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movements of independent muscles and head positions, which are expressed by “action units,” by assigning them a number
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FACS developed by...
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Eckman
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Duchenne smile
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felt
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non-Duchenne smile
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false
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Eckman ('85)
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telling lies
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Eckman's model of culture and emotion
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elicitors of emotion --> biologically programmed expression --> display rules --> culturally appropriate emotions
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Eckman, Friesen, & Ellsworth, ‘72
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neutral and stressful movie: in private, no difference in expressions, withanother person, US did not disguise, Japanese masked with smile
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Goodenough (1932)
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observations of 10-year-old blind and deaf girl
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Galati, Scherer, & Ricci-Bitti, 1997
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No difference between blind and sighted
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6 basic emotions (Eckman)
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joy, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, fear
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Ekman & Friesen (’71)
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Judgment studies with students of US and other Western cultures had 70% overall agreement
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Ekman Fore Research- Study 1
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Show pictures of Westerners making facial expressions to foreigners. What emotions do foreigners think they are expressing? Kids and adults agree, kids generally better
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Ekman Fore Research- Study 2
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Pick emotion that matches story
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Duchenne (1862)
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Electrical stimulation of facial muscles. Found old man suffering from facial anesthesia
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FACS acronym
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facial action coding system
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FACS based on...
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movements of independent muscles and head positions, which are expressed by “action units,” by assigning them a number
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FACS developed by...
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Eckman
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Duchenne smile
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felt
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non-Duchenne smile
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false
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Eckman ('85)
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telling lies
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Eckman's model of culture and emotion
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elicitors of emotion --> biologically programmed expression --> display rules --> culturally appropriate emotions
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Eckman, Friesen, & Ellsworth, ‘72
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neutral and stressful movie: in private, no difference in expressions, withanother person, US did not disguise, Japanese masked with smile
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Matsumoto (199)
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Asked Japanese and American students when it would be appropriate to express particular emotions
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Kring & Gordon, 1998
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No differences in reported level of emotion between men and women, Women more expressive during pleasant and unpleasant films
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Davis, 1995
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1st and 3rd grade girls better than boys at masking disappointment, Boys better when motivated to win prize, but still not as good as girls
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Friedeman & Miller-Herringer (1991)
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Videotaped facial expressions while subjects played competitive video game with 2 other “subjects” (confederates), didn't look triumphant when in group
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Mufson & Nowiki
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Women better than men at IDing emotions (BART), high self-monitorers better than low for men only
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Parts of PNS
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Autonomic, Somatic
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Parts of autonomic NS
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Sympathetic, parasympathetic
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SNS, PNS in
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ANS
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Expends energy, bodily resources
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sympathetic NS
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Regulates/conserves bodily resources
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parasympathetic NS
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which part of the ANS is activated as a unit?
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sympathetic
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which part of the ANS works with homeostasis functions?
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parasympathetic
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lie detection: ancient China to 19th century
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rice in mouth: dry = guilty
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lie detection in Arabia
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hot iron test: burned tongue = guilty
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4 ways to fool polygraph
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drugs, internal/external stimuli, biofeedback training, distraction
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common sense view of emotion
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perception --> emotion --> behavioral/physiological changes
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James
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perception --> behavioral/physiological changes --> emotion
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subjective experience is ____ of bodily changes
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result
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components of emotion according to James
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subjective, behavioral, physiological
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Cannon
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perception --> thalamic arousal --> emotional feeling and bodily changes
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Cannon's major contributions
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emphasized role of brain, deemphasized role of body
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Bermond (’91)
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Subjects with spinal cord injury- physiological experience lower, but subjective experience is not
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Bermond counters...
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James
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Chwalisz et al. (’88)
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In control group, used people who were wheelchair bound for reasons other than spinal cord, no group differences in intensity of emotion
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intensity of _____ correlated with ____
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anger and other emotions, lesion locations
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STUDY: Generalized ANS activation
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Hess and Selya
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Walter Hess
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Defense response
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Increased SNS activity, hair stands on end
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Defense response
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Hans Selya
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General Adaptation System
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defined how body reacts to stress
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General Adaptation System
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General Adaptation System
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stress --> hypothalamus --> cortisol and sympathetic NS
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3 phases of General Adaptation System
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alarm, resistance, exhaustion
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where does cortisol come in in General Adaptation System?
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resistance
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Schachter & Singer (1962)- RESULTS
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Non-specific arousal elicits emotions, but cognitions arising from event have “steering function” to differentiate emotions
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Schachter’s two-factor theory
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Event --> ANS arousal --> cognition --> emotion
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Schachter & Singer (1962) claim to participants
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Said was study of “effects of vitamin supplement on vision” (actually adrenaline)
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STUDY: Groups that didn’t know about effects of drug showed more of emotions similar to condition that they were in
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Schachter & Singer (1962)
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STUDY: Placebo group was happier than epinephrine-informed group in euphoria condition
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Schachter & Singer (1962)
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STUDY: Physiological experience lower in patients with SC injury, but not subjective experience
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Bermond ('91)
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STUDY: Intensities of fear and love higher after injury
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Chwalisz et al. (’88)
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Excitation transfer
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ANS arousal can be transferred to any emotion depending on situation
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43 subjects hooked up to polygraph, measured HR, BR, SC, muscle tension, real-life induction of anger and fear with shocks and arrogant experimenter
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Ax (1953)
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Ax (1953) results: SC
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Up for anger and fear
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Ax (1953) results: Muscle tension
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Up for anger and fear
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Ax (1953) results: HR
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Down for anger, up for fear
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Ax (1953) results: Skin temperature
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Up for anger, down for fear
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STUDY: Directed facial action task- Told them to move certain muscles in face, ended up making 6 basic emotional faces
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Levenson
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HR high, skin temp high for _____
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...anger
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HR high, skin temp low for ____ and ____
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fear, sadness
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HR low for ____, ____, and _____
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happiness, disgust, suprise
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STUDY: Induced fear and anger in real-life and imagined condition
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Stemmlet, 2001
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Stemmlet, 2001 results
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Emotion-specific profiles of body changes in emotions emerged
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Gottman
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2 types of batterers
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Type 1 batterer
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Increased HR when angry
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Type 2 batterer
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Decreased HR when angry
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2 functions of ANS in emotion
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feedback to brain about emotion, prepare body
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Darwin-expressing emotions increases their intensity, suppressing them softens them.
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Facial Feedback Theory
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Also referred to as proprioceptive feedback (more general, non-face specific term)
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Facial Feedback Hypothesis
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Evidence of facial feedback hypothesis (3)
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emotional "contagion," studies of actors, posing facial expressions
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2 competing theories of facial feedback
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modulation, initiation
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Amplification or de-amplification of feelings elicited by appropriate stimuli
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modulation hypothesis of facial feedback
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Elicitation of emotion by facial movement (due to hard-wired connections between components)
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initiation hypothesis of facial feedback
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Lanzetta (1976)
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modulation hypothesis
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Lanzetta study setup
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Amplify or suppress facial expression while receiving mild electric shocks
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Results: Lanzetta
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Suppression group rated the pain lower than amplification group
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Laird: facial expression determines...
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...kind of emotion
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Laird: ANS changes determine...
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...intensity of emotion
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Cover Study
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Action of facial muscles
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STUDY: Facial expressions produce differences in recall of sad vs. happy memories
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Laird
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STUDY: Body posture is also related to feelings
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Laird
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STUDY: Cues from a number of different emotional behaviors (such as face and posture) combine to produce stronger feelings than the parts alone.
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Laird
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Who criticized facial feedback theory?
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Tourango and Ellsworth
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STUDY: Rated cartoon funnier when holding pencil in teeth
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Strack, Martin, and Strepper
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STUDY: Directed facial action task: pose 6 basic emotions and hold for 10 sec. then measure self report and ANS data
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Ekman, Levenson, and Friesen
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McIntosh 1996
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Mechanisms of facial feedback
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