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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How is ASD diagnosed? |
As ASD is represented by a deviance from the normal developmental course, diagnosis is based on current behavioural presentation and developmental history. There is no definitive genetic/biological test. Highly heterogeneous: its probably a cluster of conditions with different causes and similar behavioural presentation. |
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What is assessment and diagnosis? |
Assessment: gathering information on a person. Diagnosis: deciding that a particular classification fits that persons presentation. |
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Why can diagnosis be difficult? |
Because: 1. symptoms (behaviours) can be different in different people (individual variability). 2. symptoms are expressed differently at different chronological and mental ages. 3. diagnostic tools and classifications are imperfect. |
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What is Level 1 screening? |
Level 1 targets ALL children during standard 'well child' check ups and visits. Level 1 screens aim to 'catch' all children with ASD but often have low sensitivity. |
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What are the community-based screening tools for ASD - level 1? |
Screening tools to flag potential early ASD: 1. Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT): 18months. Good specificity (98%), poor sensitivity (38%). 2. Modified-CHAT: 24 months. Identifies many children who do not have ASD. 3. Early Screening of Autistic Traits Questionnaire (ESAT): 14 months. Low sensitivity. |
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What is Level 2 screening? |
Level 2 screening is for those who were flagged 'at risk' on the basis of Level 1 screening.
Aims to specifically identify children with ASD vs. other developmental difficulties. |
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What is the Social Attention and Communication Study (SACS)? |
SACS is another Level 1 screening method with a different procedure. It involves multiple opportunities to 'catch' children exhibiting early signs; 12, 18, 24 and 36 months. Maternal and Child Health (MCH) nurses are trained on early signs of ASD (i.e. social and communicative markers). |
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Psychometric properties of screening and diagnostic tools includes specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV). What do these things measure? |
Specificity: proportion of children without ASD, correctly identifies as such. Sensitivity: proportion of children with ASD correctly identified as such. PPV: test 'accuracy' case ascertainment rate. NPV: correctly identifying that a child is not at risk. |
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What is the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS)? |
The ADOS is a semi-structured observational assessment of skills involving interaction with an unfamiliar adult (30 - 60 minutes). |
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What is the focus of observation on when conducting the ADOS? |
The assessor does particular things and observes the child's response in respect to the Key diagnostic features: - Social motivation & communication skills - Restricted, repetitive & stereotyped behaviours & interests. |
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Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) is a semi-structured interview assessment with who? |
Parent or caregiver.
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What does the Mullen Scales of Early Learning assess? |
- visuo-spatial skills - motor skills (gross/fine) - language skills (receptive/expressive) i.e. Receptive: comprehension Expressive: production |
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What is the atypical profile commonly seen in ASD? |
Strength in visuo-spaital Weakness in language, especially receptive. |
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How do we know what to look for when diagnosing ASD? |
From using retrospective parent report and/or retrospective home video studies. |
