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156 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Implicit attitudes can be defined as __________ evaluative responses.
controlled, conscious controlled, nonconscious automatic, conscious automatic, nonconscious |
automatic, nonconscious
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Comparing oneself to people who are worse off is called a(n)
downward comparison. upward comparison. post-decision dissonance. effort justification. |
downward comparison.
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Wei-Shin was mugged while he was walking across campus alone one evening. The event left him with his wallet and identity stolen, and a broken nose and rib. Wei-Shin thinks to himself, “What kind of world is this, where someone will mug a poor college student?” Wei-Shin is having trouble coping because this traumatic event has challenged his
attitude accessibility. downwards comparisons. assumptive worlds. attitude-behavior consistency. |
assumptive worlds.
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Research on effort justification and cognitive dissonance theory most directly suggests that
fraternity "hazing" is an effective way to promote group loyalty. most people engage in social loafing. twelve-person juries are likely to come up with different verdicts than are juries with four or fewer people. most people look to others when deciding how to behave in a group context. |
fraternity "hazing" is an effective way to promote group loyalty.
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T/F
Research in social cognition has more or less suggested that evaluation is part of perception. |
T
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The results of Festinger and Carlsmith’s (1959) study of cognitive dissonance suggests that
if people are paid less for doing a questionable act, they will rationalize it more. people will rationalize their own questionable behavior no matter how much they are paid to do it. if people are paid more for doing a questionable act, they will rationalize it more. if people are paid less for doing a questionable act, they will rationalize it less. |
if people are paid less for doing a questionable act, they will rationalize it more.
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Which of the following would be expected based upon research on operant conditioning?
You notice that many of your classmates are comfortable speaking with professors after class. Even though you are usually shy, you therefore decide that you will try to speak with professors after class too. Every time you wear the poncho you purchased in Mexico, you think fondly about the time that you spent there. You ask for an extension on a paper that is due for class, your teacher says yes, and you still end up with a really good grade. This leads you to ask other teachers for extensions as well. After going to the same dentist for many years, you develop a fondness for your dentist and for the other people who work in her office. |
You ask for an extension on a paper that is due for class, your teacher says yes, and you still end up with a really good grade. This leads you to ask other teachers for extensions as well.
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Henry's mother always praises him when he practices the piano and denies him dessert when he doesn't. Henry's mother is apparently employing techniques based on __________ in order to encourage her son to practice more.
operant conditioning classical conditioning social learning polarization |
operant conditioning
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T/F
Martin’s wife died suddenly in a traumatic accident. He believes it was a senseless death with no point. Jack’s wife died in a similar manner. Jack believes his wife’s death provided an opportunity for the family to develop a foundation serving others with her life insurance benefits. Jack and Martin will probably cope equally well with their tragic circumstances. |
F
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Iris is a vegetarian, but she ate a steak last night. Is she likely to try to rationalize her steak-eating?
Only if she was forced to eat the steak against her will Only if she was paid a lot of money to eat the steak Only if she chose to eat the steak, and only if she feels guilty or nervous—regardless of whether she attributes these feelings to the steak-eating Only if she chose to eat the steak, feels guilty or nervous, AND attributes these feelings to the steak-eating |
Only if she chose to eat the steak, feels guilty or nervous, AND attributes these feelings to the steak-eating
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Cognitive dissonance theory might best be thought of as __________ theory.
"people don't like to be hypocrites" "people are very stubborn about holding onto their attitudes" "people have a hard time seeing things from others' perspective" "people prefer others who share their opinions and attitudes" |
"people don't like to be hypocrites"
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T/F
“The world is perfect” is one of the assumptive worlds identified by Janoff-Bulman (1992). |
F
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Research by Shelley Taylor and her colleagues on effective coping among cancer patients has suggested that all of the following are important in promoting recovery EXCEPT
making downward comparisons with other cancer patients. making upward comparisons with other cancer patients. feeling that there is a "higher purpose" for one's cancer. feeling that one can control one's cancer. |
making upward comparisons with other cancer patients.
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Suppose that you show your uncle an abstract painting that you have made, and ask for his immediate, unedited reaction. Your uncle says he has no opinion about it. "I am not familiar with abstract art," he tells you, "therefore I don't know how to evaluate it; and I have no intuitive feeling about it." Could this be possible?
No. Research suggests that he will have made an automatic evaluation of your painting even though he is unfamiliar with abstract art. (He may be out of touch with this automatic evaluation, however.) Yes. Research suggests that people only make automatic evaluations when they are highly familiar with the stimulus category; your uncle will probably need more time to make a conscious opinion. Yes. Research suggests that people only make automatic evaluations of other people—not of stimuli like paintings. Your uncle will probably need more time to form a conscious opinion of your painting. It is impossible to say; some people form automatic evaluations about everything (and if your uncle is one of these people, then he is lying when he says he has no opinion), but other people form automatic evaluations only sometimes (and if your uncle is one of these people, then he may well have not formed an opinion about your painting, and may well need more time to do so). |
No. Research suggests that he will have made an automatic evaluation of your painting even though he is unfamiliar with abstract art. (He may be out of touch with this automatic evaluation, however.)
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How does the notion of effort justification relate to cognitive dissonance?
Effort justification is a type of cognitive dissonance. Effort justification is often a result of cognitive dissonance. Effort justification is often a motive for cognitive dissonance. Effort justification is often used to reduce cognitive dissonance. |
Effort justification is often used to reduce cognitive dissonance.
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As discussed in the textbook, people's explicit (public) attitudes are not always consistent with their implicit (private) attitudes. This can occur as a result of
self-presentation (people do not always want to share private attitudes). lack of awareness (people are often unaware of implicit attitudes). both self-presentation and lack of awareness. neither self-presentation nor lack of awareness. |
both self-presentation and lack of awareness.
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The pressure to maintain consistency among beliefs and behaviors is
equally present among humans versus animals. more present in animals than humans. more present in humans than animals. rarely present in humans or animals. |
more present in humans than animals.
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Last summer, Fabia applied for three jobs. The first required a resume, but nothing else. The second required both a resume and a long personal statement. The third required a resume and indicated that a long personal statement was optional (recommended but not required; Fabia went ahead and wrote one anyway). Suppose that Fabia was turned down by all three jobs. Which rejection was she probably MOST upset about?
The rejection by the first job The rejection by the second job The rejection by the third job The rejections by the second and third jobs (equally) |
The rejection by the third job
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All of the following are true about attitudes EXCEPT
Attitudes help guide decision-making processes. Attitudes help us adjust to new situations. Rough attitudes—initial evaluations—usually take weeks or months to form. Attitudes are adaptive. |
Rough attitudes—initial evaluations—usually take weeks or months to form.
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Paul is trying to train his puppy, Cupcake. He yells "Bad dog!" whenever Cupcake fails to do what he wants. Paul seems to be using __________.
operant conditioning classical conditioning social learning polarization |
operant conditioning
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Which of the following theories suggests that people prefer consistency to inconsistency, and that people attempt to seek out consistency in their relationships?
Balance theory (P-O-X theory) Social facilitation theory Optimal distinctiveness theory Social identity theory |
Balance theory (P-O-X theory)
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Suppose that Janine—who volunteers for a variety of environmental causes and frequently speaks on campus about the importance of recycling—decided to buy a gas-guzzling SUV last week. Is she likely to try to rationalize her behavior somehow?
Only if no one she knows owns the same vehicle Only if many people she knows own the same vehicle Only if she did not know about the SUV's poor mileage when she bought it Only if she experiences guilt or discomfort surrounding her purchase |
Only if she experiences guilt or discomfort surrounding her purchase
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Operant conditioning is also sometimes referred to as
instrumental learning. associative learning. vicarious learning. learning by example. |
instrumental learning.
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According to cognitive dissonance theory, "we come to love the things we suffer for." For example, we tend to be especially loyal to groups that require severe or painful initiations. Why does this happen?
This happens because the goals themselves (the things that we suffer for) are actually always very valuable... otherwise, we wouldn't have suffered for them in the first place. This happens because, deep down, people really like to suffer. This happens because we are motivated to justify the time and effort we've spent on things. This happens because classical conditioning is at play: when we finally reach our goals, our suffering ends. We therefore associate our goals with "end of suffering" and come to love them. |
This happens because we are motivated to justify the time and effort we've spent on things.
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T/F
The mere exposure effect occurs for stimuli that are presented at a conscious level, but it does not occur for stimuli that are presented at a nonconscious (subliminal) level. |
F
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Kelly’s first pregnancy was a disaster by most people’s standards. Her water broke 24 weeks into the pregnancy, she delivered the baby 15 weeks premature, and he survived but with multiple physical and behavioral health problems that take enormous resources to tackle. Yet every time Kelly takes the baby to the doctor, she notices other families with worse situations--children with terminal illnesses or more profound disabilities. Kelly is using ____ to cope with her baby’s complications.
assumptive worlds downward comparisons irrational beliefs stigma |
downward comparisons
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The so-called A-B problem refers to the fact that
people are not always aware of the factors that influence their feelings toward things. people are not always aware of their feelings toward things. people's emotional responses are not always in sync with their behaviors. people's stated attitudes are often inconsistent with their behaviors. |
people's stated attitudes are often inconsistent with their behaviors.
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Research suggests that, if you are half-asleep on the sofa watching an infomercial, such that you are processing the contents of the infomercial solely via the automatic system, then your automatic system is likely to
take in the images of the infomercial, but none of the claims. take in the claims of the infomercial, but not evaluate them. take in the claims of the infomercial as "true." take in the claims of the infomercial as "false." |
take in the claims of the infomercial as "true."
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Which of the following is NOT one of the benefits of religious belief discussed in your textbook?
It can help explain what happens after death. It can help explain why a misfortune befell you. It provides social support and meaning. It reduces one’s sense of guilt and fear. |
It reduces one’s sense of guilt and fear.
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Attitude polarization refers to the finding that
when people reflect on a given attitude, their position on that attitude tends to become more extreme. when people reflect on a given attitude, they tend to become more open-minded with respect to that attitude. people are more likely to spend time reflecting on issues that they have extreme views about than issues that they have moderate views about. people are more likely to spend time reflecting on issues that they have moderate views about than issues that they have extreme views about. |
when people reflect on a given attitude, their position on that attitude tends to become more extreme.
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In Fritz Heider's balance theory, balance is synonymous with
consistency. happiness. efficiency. understanding. |
consistency.
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T/F
The so-called "A-B problem" refers to the fact that people's stated attitudes are often inconsistent with their behaviors. |
T
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In the U.S., which of the following is NOT an example of a stigmatized group?
Obese people Married people Sick people The elderly |
Married people
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Research has demonstrated that __________ can be formed via classical conditioning.
both implicit attitudes and explicit attitudes neither implicit attitudes nor explicit attitudes implicit attitudes but not explicit attitudes explicit attitudes but not implicit attitudes |
both implicit attitudes and explicit attitudes
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Zelda says that she likes dogs and that she is not afraid of them. But she gets visibly tense whenever a dog approaches, and refuses to visit any of her dog-owning friends at their homes. It appears that even though she says she likes dogs, Zelda has a negative __________ toward them.
explicit attitude implicit attitude conditioned attitude unconditioned attitude |
implicit attitude
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Research has demonstrated that people who watch a lot of television tend to endorse certain stereotypes much more than other people (e.g., they are more likely to believe that cities are dangerous places and that black people often belong to violent gangs). This seems to be because heavy TV-viewers have been repeatedly exposed to images and storylines that support such stereotypes. That is, the attitudes of heavy TV-watchers seem to be influenced via
operant conditioning. classical conditioning. the mere exposure effect. observational learning. |
classical conditioning.
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Explicit attitudes can be defined as __________ evaluative responses.
controlled, conscious controlled, nonconscious automatic, conscious automatic, nonconscious |
controlled, conscious
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To increase the chance that a general attitude like “Helping others is a good thing” will predict a specific behavior like someone’s willingness to give blood, you should
measure their cognitive coping skills first. measure the general attitude and link it to the specific behavior. ask the person to think about giving blood as a helpful act when you make the request for a blood donation. reduce the accessibility of the attitude. |
ask the person to think about giving blood as a helpful act when you make the request for a blood donation.
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According to cognitive dissonance theory, discrepancies between attitudes and behaviors produce
unpleasant memories. psychological discomfort. pleasant memories. psychological comfort. |
psychological discomfort.
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The so-called A-B problem refers to the fact that there is often a weak relationship between people's
implicit and explicit attitudes. affects and behaviors. attitudes and behaviors. affects and cognitions. |
attitudes and behaviors.
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In one well-known study that was conducted during an era of anti-Chinese prejudice (LaPiere, 1934), a researcher drove across the U.S. with a Chinese couple, stopping at dozens of restaurants, hotels, auto camps, and tourist homes. He was interested in knowing the percentage of establishments that would serve the couple, as well as the percentage of establishments that would SAY that they would serve the couple when contacted later. The results from this research provided some of the first evidence of
the fact that people's stated attitudes are not always consistent with their actual behaviors. post-dissonance rationalization. implicit prejudice. aversive racism. |
the fact that people's stated attitudes are not always consistent with their actual behaviors.
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The Implicit Association Test ("IAT") works by measuring the speed with which people are able to associate different pairs of concepts. According to the logic of the test,
the faster the associations, the stronger the attitudes. the slower the associations, the stronger the attitudes. the faster the associations, the more positive the attitudes. the slower the associations, the more positive the attitudes. |
the faster the associations, the stronger the attitudes.
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Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meetings are "self help" meetings comprised of people who are recovering from alcohol-related problems. These meetings employ a number of practices designed to keep people away from alcohol. Which of the practices listed below is most consistent with the research on cognitive dissonance theory and attitude change? That is, which of the following would a cognitive dissonance theorist be most likely to applaud?
All group members remain anonymous. All group members state, publicly, that they have an alcohol problem. Group members are encouraged to seek out a "sponsor," who will support them during rough times. Group members are welcomed back into the group even if they temporarily "fall off the wagon" (lapse into drinking). |
All group members state, publicly, that they have an alcohol problem.
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Which of the following is the BEST example of social learning?
You notice that many of your classmates are comfortable speaking with professors after class. Even though you are usually shy, you therefore decide that you will try to speak with professors after class too. Every time you wear the poncho you purchased in Mexico, you think fondly about the time that you spent there. You ask for an extension on a paper that is due for class, your teacher says yes, and you still end up with a really good grade. This leads you to ask other teachers for extensions as well. After going to the same dentist for many years, you develop a fondness for your dentist and for the other people who work in her office. |
You notice that many of your classmates are comfortable speaking with professors after class. Even though you are usually shy, you therefore decide that you will try to speak with professors after class too.
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Social learning is also sometimes referred to as observational learning or
instrumental learning. associative learning. vicarious conditioning. conditional learning. |
vicarious conditioning.
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In Aldous Huxley's book Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a scary loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is
a conditioned stimulus. a conditioned response. an unconditioned stimulus. an unconditioned response. |
an unconditioned stimulus.
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T/F
According to balance theory (P-O-X theory), if Greg likes Tom and Tom likes Ximena, then Greg must also like Ximena. |
T
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Fritz Heider's balance theory is also known as P-O-X theory. The "P" stands for person, the "O" for another person, and the "X" for __________.
an attitude object. the relationship between the two people. the observer. the difference between the two people. |
an attitude object.
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Who is the most likely to be anxious, depressed, and/or low in self-esteem?
June, who believes she will be a doctor someday. Marsha, who is a devout Hindu. Holly, who believes in UFOs. Brendan, who holds Christian beliefs but doesn’t practice them much. |
Holly, who believes in UFOs.
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Suppose that Rachel sold one of her stocks last week and that the value of the stock has tripled since then. What a mistake! In which of the following cases is Rachel MOST likely to experience cognitive dissonance?
If she chose to sell the stock against her stockbroker's advice If she chose to sell the stock because her friend suggested it If she chose to sell the stock because her stockbroker suggested it If she was on vacation last week and it was her husband who decided to sell the stock for her |
If she chose to sell the stock against her stockbroker's advice
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Which of the following statements is MOST accurate?
Evaluation of information occurs only via the automatic system. Evaluation of information occurs only via the conscious system. People are not able to take in information without passing judgment about whether or not that information is correct. The process of taking in information is separate from the process of evaluating information. |
People are not able to take in information without passing judgment about whether or not that information is correct.
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Suppose that Dylan has a new girlfriend whom he really likes. Suppose that he programs his cell phone so that every time his new girlfriend calls, his phone plays the new Justin Timberlake single. After he has had his phone programmed this way for a little while, he notices that he feels happy whenever he hears the Justin Timberlake song. It appears that __________ has taken place, and that the Justin Timberlake song is a(n) __________.
operant conditioning, unconditioned stimulus operant conditioning, reward classical conditioning, unconditioned stimulus classical conditioning, conditioned stimulus |
classical conditioning, conditioned stimulus
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In what way was the solution Ajzen and Fishbein (1977) proposed to the A-B problem inadequate?
It didn’t really help indicate that attitudes could predict behavior. It made researchers focus on accessibility rather than consistency. It showed that behaviors predicted attitudes rather than the other way around. It required researchers to have to measure a vast number of specific attitudes. |
It required researchers to have to measure a vast number of specific attitudes.
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Which of the following statements about why humans have attitudes is TRUE?
Attitudes are an evolutionary artifact that were useful a long time ago. Attitudes increase the complexity in making decisions. Attitudes make it harder for people to adapt and adjust to new situations. Attitudes aid humans in making decisions and choices. |
Attitudes aid humans in making decisions and choices.
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Suppose that you are watching a television commercial advertising a new car. The commercial's spokesperson is raving about how smooth the ride is, and going bananas over what a great deal the car is. If you are half-asleep while watching the commercial, how will your automatic system process the claims?
Your automatic system will not process the claims at all (it will only process the images). Your automatic system will process the claims simply as claims; you would need to use your conscious system in order to judge their (in)validity. Your automatic system will process these claims as true; you would need to use your conscious system to override this assessment and doubt them. Your automatic system will process these claims as false; you would need to use your conscious system to assess their validity. |
Your automatic system will process these claims as true; you would need to use your conscious system to override this assessment and doubt them.
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Jerome thinks that it is going to be crowded at the gym today. This is an example of
a dual attitude. a belief. an implicit attitude. an attitude. |
a belief.
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Social psychologists use the word __________ to refer to how people deal with traumas and return, post-trauma, to healthy, effective functioning.
recalibrating revalidating monitoring coping |
coping
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Consider all of the research on cognitive dissonance theory. What does this research suggest about the role of large, expensive marriage ceremonies?
Such ceremonies probably strengthen partners' commitment due to effort justification. Such ceremonies probably discourage marriage-inconsistent behaviors such as cheating due to the involvement of friends and family. Such ceremonies probably strengthen partners' commitment due to effort justification AND probably discourage marriage-inconsistent behaviors such as cheating due to the involvement of friends and family. Such ceremonies probably DO NOT strengthen partners' commitment due to effort justification and probably DO NOT discourage marriage-inconsistent behaviors such as cheating due to the involvement of friends and family. |
Such ceremonies probably strengthen partners' commitment due to effort justification AND probably discourage marriage-inconsistent behaviors such as cheating due to the involvement of friends and family.
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Social psychologist John Bargh has stated that "we have yet to find something the mind regards with complete impartiality, without at least a mild judgment of liking or disliking." He was referring to
the fact that people tend to automatically categorize others as "ingroup" members or "outgroup" members. the mere exposure effect. the fact that people make unconscious, immediate evaluations of virtually everything they encounter. belief perseverance. |
the fact that people make unconscious, immediate evaluations of virtually everything they encounter.
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Research using the Implicit Association Test ("IAT") has found that both younger people and older people show a preference for young faces over old faces. The authors of the IAT have suggested that this finding occurs because
the elderly are a stigmatized group. the elderly are a less familiar group (e.g., there are many more young people in the popular media today than old people). people are evolutionarily "wired" to prefer younger faces to older faces. people do not have well-formed implicit attitudes about the elderly. |
the elderly are a stigmatized group.
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In terms of the kinds of predictions that it makes, research on cognitive dissonance theory is MOST at odds with research on __________.
belief perseverance the A-B problem balance theory effort justification |
belief perseverance
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T/F
Consumer surveys (e.g., questionnaires that ask people what products they like and use) are primarily used to measure people's implicit attitudes. |
F
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Much research has demonstrated a weak link between (a) what people say their attitudes are, and (b) how they actually behave. According to the textbook, one of the key reasons that this relationship is so weak, however, is the fact that researchers have often
tried to relate very general attitudes to very specific behaviors. tried to relate very specific attitudes to very general behaviors. limited their research in this area to very sensitive topics (e.g., sexual attitudes and behaviors), where attitude-behavior inconsistencies are especially likely to occur. limited their research in this area to topics that research participants are unlikely to care much about (e.g., the number of minutes they will spend on a particular experimental task), where attitude-behavior inconsistencies are especially likely to occur. |
tried to relate very general attitudes to very specific behaviors.
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Ingrid believes there is a dog in the car. Even after she has looked absolutely everywhere in the car and found no evidence whatsoever of a dog, she continues to believe this. This scenario best exemplifies
attitude polarization. belief perseverance. the A-B problem. cognitive dissonance. |
belief perseverance.
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Comer and Laird’s (1975) study told some participants that they would be doing a worm-eating task. After a short period during which the participants could contemplate worm eating, the experimenter told them there was a mistake, and that they could choose between worm-eating and weight discrimination tasks. What percent of the participants chose to stay with the worm-eating task when given a more emotionally neutral (weight discrimination) alternative?
100% 80% 50% 10% |
80%
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The tendency for people to hold on to their beliefs—even when their beliefs are discredited by compelling evidence—is known as
cognitive dissonance. belief perseverance. the A-B problem. cognitive stickiness. |
belief perseverance.
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In distinguishing between beliefs and attitudes, it is useful to recognize that beliefs help people __________ while attitudes help people __________.
explain things, make choices make choices, explain things rationalize occurrences, explain things explain things, rationalize occurrences |
explain things, make choices
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Research suggests that the mere exposure effect
is unique to humans (does not occur among other animals). occurs via the conscious system only. is unique to humans (does not occur among other animals) AND occurs via the conscious system only. is NOT unique to humans and does NOT occur via the conscious system. |
is NOT unique to humans and does NOT occur via the conscious system.
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Research has demonstrated that people are more likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others rewarded for performing those behaviors, and less likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others punished for performing those behaviors. This type of learning is known as
instrumental learning. social learning. classical conditioning. operant conditioning. |
social learning.
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In Aldous Huxley's book Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a scary, loud noise. In this fictional example, the unconditioned stimulus is
the loud noise. the book. fear of the loud noise. the infants. |
the loud noise.
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Deepa has finally decided where to attend graduate school—University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. After making her decision is final and she has informed all the schools of it, she begins to question her choice. Quickly, though, she focuses on all the reasons Illinois was the best choice for her and so much better than the other options she had. This reassures her and makes her happy again. Deepa’s feeling of uncertainty and motivation to justify her choice is an example of
regret. post-decision dissonance. tyranny of choice. attitude accessibility. |
post-decision dissonance.
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T/F
Iris is a vegetarian, but she was forced (at gunpoint) to eat a steak last night. Research suggests that even under these highly unusual circumstances, she will still feel dissonance and try to rationalize her steak-eating to reduce this dissonance. |
F
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In 1959, Festinger and Carlsmith conducted a classic experiment in which they asked participants to tell a lie (about how interesting a very boring study was). The researchers paid participants either $1 or $20 to tell this lie. The same participants were then asked how interesting they really thought the study was. What did the researchers find?
There was no difference between those paid $1 and those paid $20; both said that the (very boring) study was indeed boring. There was no difference between those paid $1 and those paid $20; both said that the (very boring) study was in fact very interesting. Compared to those paid $1, those paid $20 rated the study as much more interesting. Compared to those paid $20, those paid $1 rated the study as much more interesting. |
Compared to those paid $1, those paid $20 rated the study as much more interesting.
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The Implicit Association Test ("IAT") measures implicit attitudes by
measuring the speed with which people associate different concepts to positive or negative stimuli. asking people to generate as many associations with a given concept as possible within a short time period. requiring people to sort a large group of words or visual stimuli into as many discrete categories as they see fit. measuring the time it takes respondents to read stereotype-consistent versus stereotype-inconsistent narratives. |
measuring the speed with which people associate different concepts to positive or negative stimuli.
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Which of the following is the BEST example of the mere exposure effect?
Eduardo starts to think that a new band is cool simply because other people around him think it is cool. Keisha starts to like a girl at school simply because she has seen her, semester after semester, in so many of her classes. Michael loves hip hop music. As a result, he tends to overestimate how much other people like to hip hop. Frances works in a hospital, and encounters doctors and nurses all day long. As a result, she tends to overestimate how many people work in the medical industry; to her, it seems like almost everyone does! |
Keisha starts to like a girl at school simply because she has seen her, semester after semester, in so many of her classes.
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Classical conditioned can also be thought of as
associative learning. learning by example. instrumental learning. vicarious learning. |
associative learning.
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In the process of classical conditioning,
a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus. an unconditioned stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus. an unconditioned response becomes a conditioned response. a conditioned stimulus becomes an unconditioned stimulus. |
a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus.
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Attitude accessibility refers to
how easily the attitude comes to mind. how the attitude fits in the larger cognitive structure of belief. the tendency for attitudes to become more extreme upon reflection. the tendency to like something more with more exposure to it. |
how easily the attitude comes to mind.
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George is supposed to give a presentation in his History class on Thursday, and has been dreading it intensely all month (his knowledge of the topic is shaky, and so is his presentation style). On Wednesday, the day before the presentation is scheduled, George's teacher, Ms. Torres, tells him that he can present the following week if he likes. Instead of taking Ms. Torres up on this offer, however, George says that he will go ahead and present the next day. It appears that
George must have coped with his nervousness and dread by changing some relevant attitudes and beliefs. George must have heard Ms. Torres incorrectly; if he had been dreading the presentation at all, at any time, then there is no way he wouldn't postpone it if he could. George must have coped with his nervousness and dread by simply blocking the presentation out of his mind completely and not thinking about it. George must have low self-esteem; otherwise, he would have gone ahead and postponed the presentation. |
George must have coped with his nervousness and dread by changing some relevant attitudes and beliefs.
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T/F
Jeanne believes that her son is a genius. He takes multiple difference IQ tests and scores below average. He performs poorly in school and shows little creativity at home. He does not excel at anything he does. Yet Jeanne continues to belief in his superior intellect. Jeanne is illustrating belief perseverance. |
T
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Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) performed a famous experiment on cognitive dissonance in which subjects were asked to lie to a fellow student (about how fun a psychology experiment was) for either $1 or $20. For subjects in the $1 condition, dissonance was created because these subjects thought to themselves: "I am a nice, ethical person... but I have just been mean and told a lie." It appears that the $1 subjects were ultimately able to reduce this dissonance by thinking to themselves:
"I did not really tell a lie because the experiment was not that boring. In fact, the more I think about it, the more I think that it was kind of fun!" "I know I told that person a lie. But so what? There are bigger problems in this world!!" "Lying is a terrible thing. I swear that I will never do it again." "Whatever! I got $1 for doing almost nothing! Good deal!!" |
"I know I told that person a lie. But so what? There are bigger problems in this world!!"
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Which of the following is the best example of belief perseverance?
Terrence supports the war in Iraq. He does not like to watch any TV programming that is critical of the war. Ingrid believes there is a dog in the car. Even after she has looked absolutely everywhere in the car and found no evidence whatsoever of a dog, she continues to believe this. Krista believes in ghosts. She says that she has seen them, and refuses to listen to anyone who wants to tell her otherwise. Even though her chances of winning are extremely slim, Eve continues to hope that one day she will win the lottery. |
Ingrid believes there is a dog in the car. Even after she has looked absolutely everywhere in the car and found no evidence whatsoever of a dog, she continues to believe this.
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Suppose that Dylan has a new girlfriend whom he really likes. Suppose that he programs his cell phone so that every time his new girlfriend calls, his phone plays the new Justin Timberlake single. After he has had his phone programmed this way for a little while, he notices that he feels happy whenever he hears the Justin Timberlake song. This is MOST clearly an example of
classical conditioning. operant conditioning. the mere exposure effect. social learning. |
classical conditioning.
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According to the principles of __________ people are relatively likely to repeat behaviors that have been rewarded and relatively unlikely to repeat behaviors that have been punished.
classical conditioning operant conditioning vicarious learning associative learning |
operant conditioning
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Suppose that Anandi was mugged at gunpoint and that is was an extremely traumatic experience. Which of the following cognitive reactions is MOST likely to help her recover?
"I should have never gone into that neighborhood alone, especially not with my fancy car. That was really dumb. It's clear why this happened. I made myself an obvious target." "The event was totally random. It could have happened to anyone, at any time, in any place." "Why was I attacked? Why me? Why now? What did I do to deserve this?" "The world is just an unpredictable, dangerous place. I just need to accept that and move on." |
"I should have never gone into that neighborhood alone, especially not with my fancy car. That was really dumb. It's clear why this happened. I made myself an obvious target."
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Research indicates that people who hold strong attitudes toward an issue are especially likely to do all of the following EXCEPT
show attitude polarization if they think about the issue. evaluate relevant information in a biased manner. seek out relevant information from outgroup members. seek out information that supports their initial view. |
seek out relevant information from outgroup members.
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Suppose that Hal and Peyton both hate Victor. According to balance theory (P-O-X theory), if the relationship between Hal, Victor, and Peyton is balanced, then
Victor must like Peyton. Victor must like Hal. Hal must like Peyton. Peyton must dislike Hal. |
Hal must like Peyton.
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As discussed in the textbook, people who hold irrational attitudes (e.g., about Big Foot, UFOs, and ghosts) tend to
be less prone to depression than other people. be less prone to anxiety than other people. have relatively low levels of self-esteem. have relatively high levels of self-esteem. |
have relatively low levels of self-esteem.
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Research using the Implicit Association Test ("IAT") to investigate implicit anti-elderly (pro-younger-people) biases has found that
both younger people and older people are biased against the elderly, but older people are even more biased than younger people. both younger people and older people are biased against the elderly, but younger people are more biased than older people. both younger people and older people are (about equally strongly) biased against the elderly. younger people are biased against the elderly, whereas older people are biased against younger people (and both biases are about equally strong). |
both younger people and older people are (about equally strongly) biased against the elderly.
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As defined in the textbook, dual attitudes consist of
implicit attitudes and explicit attitudes. conditioned attitudes and unconditioned attitudes. cognitions and emotions. beliefs and opinions. |
implicit attitudes and explicit attitudes.
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Research on gender differences in sex-related attitudes and behaviors indicates that __________ show relatively more attitude-behavior consistency, and that this is largely owing to the fact that __________.
men, men tend to be the initiators of sexual activity men, men's sexual responses are less context-dependent than women's women, women tend to be the initiators of sexual activity women, women's sexual responses are less context-dependent than men's |
men, men's sexual responses are less context-dependent than women's
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Fritz Heider's balance theory is also known as
P-O-X theory. cognitive dissonance theory. social learning theory. dual attitudes theory. |
P-O-X theory.
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Keaghan has just moved to a new neighborhood. In his old neighborhood, everyone wore Vans and board shorts, but he notices that the kids on his new block are wearing Nikes and basketball shorts. He also notices that they tease people who are not dressed this way. Keaghan immediately asks his mom to take him to the store to buy new clothes. What has taken place here?
Attitude polarization The mere exposure effect Observational learning Operant conditioning |
Observational learning
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Research has shown that there is a difference between how readily bad pictures versus good pictures are recognized by people. At about __________, __________ tend to be recognized more quickly.
3 months, bad pictures 3 months, good pictures 2 1/2 years, bad pictures 2 1/2 years, good pictures |
2 1/2 years, bad pictures
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The ease with which an attitude is brought to mind is called
behavioral perseverance. cognitive coping. attitude accessibility. post-decision dissonance. |
attitude accessibility.
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As discussed in the textbook, the need to feel that one is thinking and behaving in consistent ways is
probably innate—rooted in our biological nature. probably culture-bound—important in some cultures but not in others. probably a matter of self-presentation only; inconsistencies seem only to be troubling when others know about them. enormously varied from one person to the next; not everyone feels this need, and—among those who do—some people feel it much more strongly than others. |
probably innate—rooted in our biological nature.
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The mere exposure effect refers to the tendency for people to
come to like something simply because other people like it. come to like something simply because they see or encounter it repeatedly. come to think that something is common, or prevalent, simply because they like it. come to think that something is common, or prevalent, simply because they see or encounter it repeatedly. |
come to like something simply because they see or encounter it repeatedly.
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Which of the following is NOT a proposed solution to the A-B problem?
effort justification behavioral aggregation broad attitude in context attitude accessibility |
effort justification
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Alex just bought a car last month and it is already having major mechanical problems. In which of the following cases is Alex LEAST likely to experience cognitive dissonance?
He bought the car against his friends' advice, and spent a lot of money on it. He bought the car against his friends' advice, but it was cheap. His friends supported his car purchase even though he spent a lot of money on it. His friends supported his car purchase, and it was cheap. |
His friends supported his car purchase, and it was cheap.
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T/F
Religious beliefs have no psychological benefit. |
F
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The more choices you have, the more unhappy you will be with any given choice. This statement defines what Schwartz and colleagues (2002) have called
post-decision dissonance. the A-B problem. the tyranny of choice. belief perseverance. |
the tyranny of choice.
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Research on post-trauma coping indicates that one of the WORST possible things—in terms of predicting post-trauma recovery—is for people
to blame themselves for the trauma. to feel like there is no explanation at all for the trauma. to feel like the trauma was fated, or predestined. to believe that many other people have experienced similar traumas. |
to feel like there is no explanation at all for the trauma.
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Which of the following is an example of behavioral aggregation as a solution to the A-B problem?
Measure the specific attitude toward the specific behavior you want to predict. Make sure the general attitude is considered in context of the behavior you want to predict. Measure a variety of types of behaviors to which the general attitude could relate. Increase the accessibility of the attitude. |
Measure a variety of types of behaviors to which the general attitude could relate.
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__________ refers to tendency for people to like a stimulus more after being exposed to it multiple times.
The mere exposure effect Observational learning The sentiment relationship effect Attitude polarization |
The mere exposure effect
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Research indicates that women show less attitude-behavior consistency than men when it comes to sexuality. As discussed in the textbook, this is mainly because
compared to men, women hold much more puritanical attitudes about sex. compared to men, women hold much more open-minded attitudes about sex. women's sexual responses are more context-dependent than men's. men tend to be the initiators of sexual activity. |
women's sexual responses are more context-dependent than men's.
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Research suggests that the idea that "familiarity breeds contempt"
is almost always true, regardless of the circumstances. is almost always false, regardless of the circumstances. is almost always true, unless people initially have a very favorable attitude. is almost always false, unless people initially have an unfavorable attitude. |
is almost always false, unless people initially have an unfavorable attitude.
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As discussed in the textbook, one of the main reasons that gamblers tend to continue gambling despite losing money is that they tend to view their losses as
necessary hurdles they need to surmount in order to win. opportunities to learn from their weaknesses. other people's fault. "near wins." |
"near wins."
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In Fritz Heider's balance theory, the fundamental paradigm for analyzing relationships is
a square. a triangle. a circle. an arc. |
a triangle.
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Early research on classical conditioning was performed with dogs. In certain variations of this research, experimenters repeatedly presented dogs with meat powder just after ringing a bell. The dogs (who would naturally salivate after being exposed to meat powder) learned to associate the bell with the meat powder, and began to salivate as soon as they heard the bell. In this research, the dogs' salivation was
a conditioned response. an unconditioned response. a neutral stimulus. both an unconditioned response and a conditioned response. |
both an unconditioned response and a conditioned response.
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Research suggests that the abstract categories "good" and "bad" are
not actually understood by children until they reach adolescence. not actually understood by children until they reach ages 5-6. understood by children as early as age 2 1/2, if not earlier. understood even by embryos, up to 3 months before birth. |
understood by children as early as age 2 1/2, if not earlier.
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T/F
Another term for "social learning" is "instrumental learning." |
F
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Early research on classical conditioning was performed with dogs. In certain variations of this research, experimenters repeatedly presented dogs with meat powder just after ringing a bell. The dogs (who would naturally salivate after being exposed to meat powder) learned to associate the bell with the meat powder, and began to salivate as soon as they heard the bell. In this research, the bell served as __________.
an unconditioned stimulus that became a conditioned stimulus a conditioned stimulus that became an unconditioned stimulus a neutral stimulus that became a conditioned stimulus an unconditioned stimulus that became a neutral stimulus |
a neutral stimulus that became a conditioned stimulus
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Which statement about humans and animals is MOST correct?
Only humans have attitudes. Both humans and animals have attitudes in about equal numbers. Animals have more attitudes than humans. Humans have more attitudes than animals. |
Humans have more attitudes than animals.
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Research suggests that the idea that "familiarity breeds liking"
is generally true. is generally false. is generally true, unless people initially have a very favorable attitude. is generally false, unless people initially have an unfavorable attitude. |
is generally true.
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As discussed in the textbook, there are three types of beliefs that help people to function effectively in the social world, and that are often cast into doubt when people experience violent crimes or other traumas. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
"The world is fair to people." "The world is kind, safe, and good." "I am fair to others." "I am a good person." |
"I am fair to others."
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According to research Ajzen and Fishbein (1977) conducted to defend attitudes as a construct predictive of behavior, if you want to predict who will give blood, what statement should you put on your attitude measure? Assume a 5-point Likert scale anchored by strongly disagree to strongly agree.
I believe giving blood is a good thing. I believe giving blood will help others. I am a helpful person. I believe giving blood is the right thing for me to do. |
I believe giving blood is the right thing for me to do.
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Research suggests that the more people think about their attitudes, the stronger their attitudes tend to become. For example, the more a Lakers fan thinks about how much she likes the Lakers, the more of a die-hard fan she is likely to become. This effect is called
attitude polarization. the sentiment effect. the mere exposure effect. belief perseverance. |
attitude polarization.
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As discussed in the text, __________ serve interpersonal functions.
attitudes but not beliefs beliefs but not attitudes both attitudes and beliefs neither attitudes nor beliefs |
both attitudes and beliefs
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Research indicates that people will sometimes choose to suffer as a result of simply expecting to suffer—but only if
they have light self-esteem. they have low self-esteem. they have coped with the expectation of suffering by thinking about it, and changing relevant beliefs and attitudes. they have not yet thought about the upcoming suffering. |
they have coped with the expectation of suffering by thinking about it, and changing relevant beliefs and attitudes.
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The tendency to engage in belief perseverance can be reduced or eliminated by
attempting to make one's behaviors and attitudes more consistent. making an effort to persuade others of one's beliefs. coming up with personal examples to support one's beliefs. coming up with counter-arguments (i.e., arguments for "the other side"). |
coming up with counter-arguments (i.e., arguments for "the other side").
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According to the textbook, the drive for consistency is
likely to be rooted in our biological nature. likely to involve the conscious mind only (and not the unconscious mind). far more prevalent in collectivistic cultures than in individualistic cultures. far more prevalent in individualistic cultures than in collectivistic cultures. |
likely to be rooted in our biological nature.
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T/F
Attitude accessibility refers to how easily an attitude comes to mind. |
T
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Which of the following is the BEST example of a positive explicit attitude toward snakes?
John doesn't get tense when he sees snakes. If a program about snakes came on TV, John would probably watch it. John says that he adores snakes. John is reading a book right now about snakes and other reptiles. |
John says that he adores snakes.
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Research on post-trauma coping suggests that—contrary to what many people think—blaming oneself for a trauma can, in some cases, help people recover. This seems to be because self-blame causes people to _________.
minimize the magnitude of the trauma. seek out social support. reflect on their life priorities. feel a greater sense of control and empowerment. |
feel a greater sense of control and empowerment.
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The term __________ is used to refer to the idea that people live and function in the social universe based on certain beliefs about reality.
accessibility assumptive worlds unit relationships coping |
assumptive worlds
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In terms of how it is experienced, cognitive dissonance MOST closely resembles
an emotion or feeling of arousal. a gap in memory. an eerie feeling akin to déjà vu, clairvoyance, or communicating with ghosts. intense cognitive focus (i.e., being "in the zone"). |
an emotion or feeling of arousal.
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Which of the following statements is MOST accurate regarding how people form evaluations of other people and of other stimuli?
People form unconscious, automatic evaluations of other people within the first few microseconds of meeting them; but they do not do this for other stimuli (e.g., nonsense words). People form unconscious, automatic evaluations of most stimuli (e.g., nonsense words) within the first few microseconds of experiencing them; but they do not do this when meeting new people. People form unconscious, automatic evaluations of all types of stimuli (e.g., other people, animals, shoes) if they have encountered similar stimuli in the past; but they do not do this when stimuli are highly unfamiliar or unclassifiable. People form unconscious, automatic evaluations of all types of stimuli, regardless of their familiarity with those stimuli. |
People form unconscious, automatic evaluations of all types of stimuli, regardless of their familiarity with those stimuli.
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In general, people do not like to suffer, work hard, or make sacrifices. If and when they do these things, they want to feel that their efforts were worthwhile. Thus, even when people's efforts do not actually seem to have paid off, people will nonetheless try to convince themselves that they suffered for a good reason. This tendency is known as
effort justification. attitude polarization. making a self-fulfilling prophecy. the false consensus effect. |
effort justification.
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One technique that advertisers often use to influence consumers is celebrity endorsement. The logic works like this: If people like Catherine Zeta-Jones and repeatedly see T-Mobile products together with Catherine Zeta-Jones, then people will learn to associate T-Mobile with her and will in turn like T-Mobile more. That is, celebrity endorsement is expected to lead to
operant conditioning. classical conditioning. the mere exposure effect. observational learning. |
classical conditioning.
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T/F
Research suggests that learning via classical conditioning is unique to humans (and that other animals cannot learn this way). |
F
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Social psychologists us the term __________ to refer to the fact that research reveals only a weak relationship between people's stated attitudes and actual behaviors.
the behavioral schism the A-B problem cognitive dissonance attitude polarization |
the A-B problem
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Who has the MOST accessible attitude?
Zoe, who has to think for a while about whether she favors the death penalty or not. Shawna, who doesn’t care one way or the other about the death penalty. Diti, who has very extreme views about abortion. Lira, who can tell you right away her opinion on abortion. |
Lira, who can tell you right away her opinion on abortion.
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According to the textbook, possessing an attitude about something increases __________ of decision-making.
the speed and the quality the speed but not the quality the quality but not the speed neither the speed nor the quality |
the speed and the quality
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The idea that beliefs play a central role in helping people cope and recover from misfortunes is called
balance theory. dual attitude theory. belief perseverance. cognitive coping. |
cognitive coping.
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In one well-known study that was conducted during an era of anti-Chinese prejudice (LaPiere, 1934), a researcher drove across the U.S. with a Chinese couple, stopping at dozens of restaurants, hotels, auto camps, and tourist homes. He was interested in attitude-behavior consistency. Specifically, he was interested in knowing the percentage of establishments that would serve the couple, as well as the percentage of establishments that would say that they would serve the couple when contacted later. What did he find?
Nearly 100% served them; and roughly 90% said they would. Nearly 100% served them; but only about 10% said they would. Only about 10% served them; but about 90% said they would. Only about 10% served them; but nearly 100% said they would. |
Nearly 100% served them; but only about 10% said they would.
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Suppose that Sam disliked reggaeton the very first time he heard it. How should we expect his attitude to change (if at all) if he hears it several more times?
He will begin to dislike reggaeton less and less. He will begin to dislike reggaeton more and more. It is impossible to say; first impressions are fundamentally different from (and not always similar to) later attitudes. His attitude is likely to stay exactly the same across repeated exposure. |
He will begin to dislike reggaeton more and more.
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Research on effort justification and cognitive dissonance theory could be MOST easily used to explain
why people stay in long-term relationships when they are dissatisfied. why people live beyond their means and rack up credit card debt. why people engage in unprotected sex or drive after drinking alcohol. why people care so much about fitting in and gaining the approval of others. |
why people stay in long-term relationships when they are dissatisfied.
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__________ refers to the feeling of discomfort that people experience when they recognize inconsistencies among their behaviors and/or attitudes.
The A-B problem Attitude polarization Intradiction Cognitive dissonance |
Cognitive dissonance
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As discussed in the textbook, there are a number of cognitive tendencies found among gamblers that have the effect of encouraging these people to keep gambling. One of the MOST common is the tendency to see losses as
"near wins" (not losses at all). "par for the course" (as a certain number of losses are expected). "practice runs" (helping to improve technique in the long term). "not their fault" (special exceptions due to circumstances). |
"near wins" (not losses at all).
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T/F
Research indicates that women show less attitude-behavior consistency than men when it comes to sexuality. |
T
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Which behavior best summarizes the textbook’s conclusion about attitude-behavior consistency?
Attitudes predict behavior with near perfect accuracy. Attitudes are a useless concept, with little to no predictive value. Attitudes are consistent with behavior in most situations. Attitude can predict behavior, just not with the simplicity or prevalence originally thought. |
Attitude can predict behavior, just not with the simplicity or prevalence originally thought.
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People often have inconsistent implicit and explicit attitudes but do not realize it. How is this possible?
People are consciously aware only of their explicit attitudes. People are consciously aware only of their implicit attitudes. People are consciously aware of both their explicit attitudes and their implicit attitudes, but use them at different times (and hence fail to recognize their inconsistencies). People are consciously aware of neither their explicit attitudes nor their implicit attitudes. |
People are consciously aware only of their explicit attitudes.
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Beth and Jean were talking about welfare reform in America. Beth was very passionate about the issue, and made strong statements about her views. Jean later e-mailed Beth an article which contained some information that was consistent with Beth's views, as well as some information that was inconsistent with Beth's views. Beth chose to believe the consistent information but discount the inconsistent information. As a matter of fact, after reading the article and thinking about the data it contained—even though these data were mixed—Beth actually felt even more passionate and more strongly about her position. This is an example of
anchoring and adjustment. informational influence. attitude polarization. cognitive coping. |
attitude polarization.
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According to cognitive dissonance theory, if Selena has just volunteered to give a presentation to her classmates about the importance of practicing safe sex at all times, then—at least in the immediate future—she
will be more likely to practice safe sex herself. will be more likely to believe that practicing safe sex is important. will be more likely to practice safe sex herself AND more likely to believe that practicing safe sex is important. will NOT be more likely to practice safe sex herself and will NOT be more likely to believe that practicing safe sex is important. |
will be more likely to practice safe sex herself AND more likely to believe that practicing safe sex is important.
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Research on religious beliefs shows that appealing to a higher (superordinate) power can be an effective way to reduce __________.
the mere exposure effect belief perseverance attitude polarization dissonance |
dissonance
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When advertisers need to help sell a low-quality product, they often make ads that use loud music and distracting images (as opposed to ads that explicitly and straightforwardly discuss the features of the product). This is probably a good strategy because it is likely to foster __________ processing of the ad's claims, and in turn to __________.
automatic, encourage emotional attachment to the product automatic, prevent people from doubting the validity of the claims conscious, encourage emotional attachment to the product conscious, prevent people from doubting the validity of the claims |
automatic, prevent people from doubting the validity of the claims
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The Implicit Association Test ("IAT") is primarily a measure of
implicit attitudes. explicit attitudes. dual attitudes. conditioned attitudes. |
implicit attitudes.
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Dr. Cross conducts a study in which she repeatedly exposes Lucy to a neutral object (a small painting). The study is neither enjoyable nor painful for Lucy. Assuming that Lucy had a neutral attitude toward the painting at the beginning of the study, how should we expect her to feel about the painting by the end of the study?
She will probably hate it. She will probably dislike it a little. She will probably like it a little. There will probably be no change in her attitude at all. |
She will probably like it a little.
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Measuring several different ways that a broad attitude could be implemented is one solution to the A-B problem. This solution is called ____ in your text.
general attitudes and specific behaviors behavioral aggregation behavioral plasticity attitude accessibility |
behavioral aggregation
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__________ are pieces of information, facts, or opinions; __________ are broad evaluations toward some object or issue.
Attitudes, associations Associations, beliefs Attitudes, beliefs Beliefs, attitudes |
Beliefs, attitudes
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You are trying to persuade your mother to lend you some money. You decide to make your attack in the evening, when she will be tired and distracted. This evening strategy is likely to be effective (assuming your mother is not in a bad mood) because in the evening she will be more likely than usual to rely on the __________ system, which will in turn __________.
automatic, encourage an emotional response automatic, prevent her from questioning the validity of your claims conscious, encourage an emotional response conscious, prevent her from questioning the validity of your claims |
automatic, prevent her from questioning the validity of your claims
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Research on gender differences in sex-related attitudes and behaviors indicates that men show relatively more attitude-behavior consistency when it comes to
homosexual (same-sex) behavior. infidelity (cheating behavior). both homosexual (same-sex) behavior and infidelity (cheating). neither homosexual (same-sex) behavior nor infidelity (cheating). |
both homosexual (same-sex) behavior and infidelity (cheating).
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T/F
Research indicates that students who enter college knowing their likes and dislikes on academically relevant issues tend to experience better physical and mental health in the college setting than do other students. |
T
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Social psychology as a science can
help refute most religious beliefs. speak to which religious beliefs are true and which are false. explain why some people accept or reject certain religious beliefs. determine which religion is the correct one. |
explain why some people accept or reject certain religious beliefs.
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Research on effort justification and cognitive dissonance theory most directly suggests that we will be more attracted to potential dating partners who __________ than potential dating partners who __________.
are physically attractive, are not play "hard to get", don't are similar to us, are not flatter us, don't |
play "hard to get", don't
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When the offering plate is passed at her church, Pat rarely puts any money in it. She always looks at the offering as a financial question in terms of her own books. She has never thought of it in terms of an indicator of her faith. Pat is a devout believer in the teachings of her church. Pat’s attitude-behavior inconsistency results from
her broad attitude of faith not being considered in the context of the offering plate. irrational beliefs. incorrect assumptive worlds. poor cognitive coping skills. |
her broad attitude of faith not being considered in the context of the offering plate.
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