Psy3032 - Abnormal Psychology Week 7B Ocd And Ptsd

Front 1

What are the three criteria for OCD in DSM-5?

Back 1

1. Obsessions;
2. Compulsions;
3. Obsessions or compulsions are times consuming (e.g. require at least 1 hour per day) or cause clinically significant distress or impairment

Front 2

What term describes recurrent, intrusive, persistent, and unwanted thoughts, urges, or images that the person tried to ignore, suppress, or neutralise?

Back 2

Obsessions

Front 3

What term describes repetitive behaviours or thoughts that a person feels compelled to perform to prevent distress or a dreaded event or in response to an obsession?

Back 3

Compulsions

Front 4

What are three OCD related disorders?

Back 4

OCD, body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding disorder

Front 5

What are the 5 most frequent foci for obsessions in OCD?

Back 5

contamination, sexual or aggressive urges, body problems, religion and symmetry.

Front 6

People with obsessions are prone to what three things?

Back 6

extreme doubts, proscastination, and indecision

Front 7

What are the 3 most common compulsions?

Back 7

pursuing cleanliness and orderliness, performing repetitive, magically protective acts, and repetitive checking

Front 8

Why don't clincians regards behaviours such as compulsive gambling, eating or drinking as real compulsions?

Back 8

because they are often pleasurable

Front 9

Typical onset of OCD

Back 9

before age 10 or late adolescence/early adulthood

Front 10

OCD has been described in children as young at what age?

Back 10

age 2

Front 11

Prevalence of OCD

Back 11

2%

Front 12

Gender ratio of F:M

Back 12

1.5:1

Front 13

Are patterns of OCD similar or markedly different across cultures?

Back 13

similar

Front 14

What proportion of people with OCD have a comorbid anxiety disorder?

Back 14

three quarters

Front 15

What proportion of people with OCD have comorbid major depression during their lifetime?

Back 15

two thirds

Front 16

What proportion of people with OCD have some symptoms of hoarding?

Back 16

one third

Front 17

What three closely related areas of the brain are usually active in people with OCD as shown by brain imaging studies?

Back 17

orbitofrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, and anterior nucleus

Front 18

Heritability range of OCD

Back 18

30 to 50%

Front 19

OCD suffer from a deficit in yedasentience whichis the failure to gain an internal sense of what?

Back 19

completion

Front 20

Behavioural models of OCD emphasis operant conditioning of compulsions because the compulsions are reinforced by what?

Back 20

reduced anxiety

Front 21

What is the role of thought-action fusion hypothesis in the etiology of OCD?

Back 21

equating thoughts with specific actions such as thinking about dangerous things might make terrible things happen, and excessive responsibility and guilt such thought is the moral equivalent of a dangerous act

Front 22

What is the most commonly used medication for OCD?

Back 22

SRI's

Front 23

The most commonly prescibed SRI for OCD is?

Back 23

clomipramine

Front 24

What is the most widely used psychological treatment for OCD?

Back 24

exposure and response prevention (ERP)

Front 25

What does ERP stand for?

Back 25

exposure and response prevention

Front 26

Meyer (1966) developed ERP to address what in OCD that cause anxiety?

Back 26

compulsive rituals

Front 27

ERP involves exposing people with OCD to the situations that elicit the complulsions and then doing what?

Back 27

refraining them from performing the compulsive ritual

Front 28

What are the two main points of reason behind the use of ERP for OCD?

Back 28

1. not performing the ritual exposes the person to the full force of the anxiety and,
2. exposure to this anxiety without catastrophic consequences results in extinction of the conditioned response

Front 29

ERP involves refraining from performing rituals for up to how long per sessions and how many sessions in a 3 week period?

Back 29

upwards of 90 minutes per session and 15 to 20 sessions over three weeks

Front 30

What percentage of people with OCD refuse ERP?

Back 30

25%

Front 31

What is the aim of cogntive therapy for treating OCD?

Back 31

challenging peoples beliefs about what will happen if they do not engage in rituals

Front 32

Psychosurgery for OCD following failure to respond to drugs and therapy involves a lesion to which part of the brain?

Back 32

cingulate bundle

Front 33

PTSD criteria in the DSM-5 require the person to be exposed to death or threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violation, in one or more of what 4 ways?

Back 33

1. experiencing the event personally;
2. witnessing the event;
3. learning that a violent or accidental death or threat of death occurred to a close other; and
4. experiencing repeated or extremem exposure to aversive details of the event(s)

Front 34

PTSD criteria in the DSM-5 briefly requires what 5 criteria to be met?

Back 34

1. exposure in some way to a traumatic event(s);
2. intrusion symptom(s);
3. avoidance symptom(s);
4. negative alterations in cognition and mood; and
5. alterations in arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma(s)

Front 35

At least one of what 4 intrusion symptoms is required for a diagnosis of PTSD in the DSM-5?

Back 35

1. recurrent, involuntary, and instrusive distessing memories of the trauma;
2. recurrent, distressing dreams related to the event(s);
3. dissocaitive reactions (e.g. flashbacks) in which the individual feels or acts as if the trauma were recurrent;
4. intense prolonged distress or phyiological reactivity in response to reminders of the trauma(s)

Front 36

At least one of what two avoidance symptoms is required for a diagnosis of PTSD in the DSM-5?

Back 36

avoids internal reminders of the trauma(s) and avoids external reminders of the trauma(s)

Front 37

At least three of what seven negative alterations in cognitions and mood symptoms is required for a diagnosis of PTSD in the DSM-5?

Back 37

1. inability to remember an important aspect of the trauma(s);
2. Persistent and exggerated negative expectations about one's self, others, or the world;
3. persistently excessive blame of self or others about the trauma(s);
4. pervasice negative emotional state;
5. markedly diminsihed interest or participation in significant activities
6. markedly diminished or estrangement from others;
7. persistent inability to experience positive emotions

Front 38

At least three of what six alterations in arousal and reactivity symptoms is required for a diagnosis of PTSD in the DSM-5?

Back 38

1. irritable or aggressive behaviour; 2. reckless or self-destrusive behaviour; 3. hyperviligence; 4. exaggerated startle response; 5. problems with concentration; 6. sleep disturbance

Front 39

In PTSD when do symptoms begin or worsen, and how long do they need to continue?

Back 39

begin or worsen after the trauma, and continue for at least 1 month

Front 40

What is the most common trauma that precipitates PSTD in woman?

Back 40

rape

Front 41

How many times more likely are woman to develop PTSD than men?

Back 41

twice as likely

Front 42

Is PTSD likely to be an acute or chronic disorder?

Back 42

chronic

Front 43

Are suicidal thoughts common in PTSD?

Back 43

yes

Front 44

In one study of army veterens those with PTSD were at a greater risk of what three things?

Back 44

early death from medical illness, accidents, and suicide

Front 45

Can PTSD have a delayed onset?

Back 45

yes

Front 46

How long after the traumatic events do symptoms of acute stress disorder develop?

Back 46

3 days to 1 month

Front 47

What are the two major criticisms of the proposed acute stress disorder?

Back 47

1. that it pathologises a normal reaction to a traumatic event and
2. that most people who develop PTSD do not experience symptoms in the first month after the event

Front 48

What are the four most commonly comorbid disorder in people with PTSD?

Back 48

anxiety, depression, substance abuse, and conduct disorder

Front 49

What is the precipitating cause of PTSD?

Back 49

Trauma

Front 50

Severity of what influences whether a person develops PTSD?

Back 50

the trauma

Front 51

What percentage of veterens in vietnam, and prisoners of war developed PTSD?

Back 51

20% veterens and 50% POWS

Front 52

What percentage of people assigned to collect, tag, and bury scattered body parts of the dead in operation desert storm in Iraq and Kuwait went on to develop PTSD?

Back 52

65%

Front 53

What is more likely to cause traumas caused by humans or natural disasters?

Back 53

traumas caused by humans

Front 54

Like other anxieties PTSD is related to greater activiation of what key structure in the fear circuit and diminshed activity in which part of the cortex?

Back 54

increased activity in the amygdala, and diminshed activity in the medial prefrontal cortex

Front 55

Which part of the brain is PTSD uniquely related to, compared with other anxiety disorders?

Back 55

hippocampus

Front 56

Brain imaging studies show what difference in the hippocampus among people with PTSD compared to people without PTSD?

Back 56

smaller volume

Front 57

The hippocampus is known for its role in what?

Back 57

memory and particularly memories related to emotions

Front 58

What did a twin study of the hippocampal volume reveal about the link between the hippocampus and PTSD?

Back 58

smaller hippocampal volume was found in the serving and non serving twin demonstrating that smaller hippocampal volume is a predisposing factor in the development of PTSD.

Front 59

Explain the process whereby fragmentation of memories can result from increased CRF activity?

Back 59

Heightened HPA acitivity leads to increased levels of cortisol, sustained elevation cortisol levels leads to increased reactivity to changes in cortisol, chronic activiation leads to hippocampal damage or atrophy resulting in fragmentation of memories

Front 60

Are people cope with the trauma by avoiding thinking about it more or less likely to develop PTSD?

Back 60

more likely

Front 61

Are people who experience dissociation immediately after the trauma more or less likely to develop PTSD?

Back 61

more likely

Front 62

What are two protective factors that may help a person to cope with severe traumas more adaptively?

Back 62

higher intelligence and strong support group

Front 63

How does higher intelligence act as a protective factor for PTSD?

Back 63

having higher intellectual ability helps a person make sense of the horrifying events

Front 64

What positive outcomes can be derived from trauma?

Back 64

learning better coping skills and improved resourcefulness

Front 65

What type of medication is used to treat PTSD and what is the major drawback?

Back 65

SSRI's and relapse once medication has stopped

Front 66

What is the focus of exposure treatment in PTSD?

Back 66

memories and remindres of the oroginal trauma

Front 67

What is the recommended treatment for PTSD?

Back 67

Exposure treatment

Front 68

What is the goal of exposure treatment in PTSD?

Back 68

confront the trauma to gain mastery and extinguish the anxiety

Front 69

What are three ways a person the PTSD can confront the trauma?

Back 69

in vivo by returning to the scene of the event, imaginary exposure by deliberately remembering the event, and using virtual reality technology.

Front 70

Why is exposure difficult for the person with PTSD and the therapist?

Back 70

because it requires intense contact with the traumatising event

Front 71

Cogntive processing therapy is designed to help victims of what types of trauma to dispute the tendency toward self blame?

Back 71

rape and child abuse

Front 72

What has been found to reduce the conversion rate of Acute Stress Disorder to PTSD?

Back 72

early intervention

Front 73

What type of cognitive therapy is more effective that cognitive restructuring in reducing the risk of developing PTSD in people experiencing Acute Stress Disorder?

Back 73

Exposure treatment

Front 74

What number of sessions are typically used in the early treatment of Acute Stress Disorder?

Back 74

5 to 6 sessions