Psy20006 Exam

Front 1

Perceptual Segregation

Back 1

Human ability to work out accurately which parts of presented visual information belong together and thus form separate objects.

Front 2

The perceptual organisation of the visual field into a figure (object of central interest) and a ground (less important background).

Back 2

Figure-Ground Segregation

Front 3

Uniform Connectedness

Back 3

The notion that adjacent regions in the visual environment possessing uniform visual properties (e.g., colour) are perceived as a single perceptual unit.

Front 4

A form of Visual Agnosia in which patients have problems in integrating or combining an object's features in object recognition.

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Integrative Agnosia

Front 5

Holistic Processing

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Processing that involves integrating information from an entire object.

Front 6

The finding that faces are considerably harder to recognise when presented upside down, the effect is less marked with other objects.

Back 6

Inversion effect

Front 7

Part-whole effect

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The finding that it is easier to recognise a face part when it is presented within a whole face rather than in isolation.

Front 8

A condition caused by brain damage in which the patient cannot recognise familiar faces but can recognise familiar objects.

Back 8

Prospagnosia

Front 9

Voxels

Back 9

These are small, volume-based units in the brain identified in neuroimaging research; short for volume elements.

Front 10

A condition associated with eye disease involving recurrent and detailed hallucinations.

Back 10

Charles Bonnet Syndrome

Front 11

Depictive Representations

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Representations (e.g., visual images) resembling pictures in that objects within them are organised spatially.

Front 12

Within Kosslyn's theory, the mechanism involved in producing depictive representations in visual imagery and visual perception.

Back 12

Visual Buffer

Front 13

Anton's syndrome

Back 13

A condition found in some blind people in which they misinterpret their own visual imagery as visual perception.

Front 14

Involves working out which parts of the presented visual information form separate objects.

Back 14

Perceptual segregation

Front 15

The fundamental principle of the Gestaltists (German Psychlogists), known as "several geometrically possible organisations that one will actually occur which possesses the best, simplest and most stable shape".

Back 15

The law of Pragnanz

Front 16

Focused attention

Back 16

A situation in which individuals try to attend to only one source of information while ignoring other stimuli; also known as selective attention.

Front 17

Focused attention

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A situation in which individuals try to attend to only one source of information while ignoring other stimuli; also known as selective attention.

Front 18

A situation in which two tasks are performed at the same time; also known as multi-tasking.

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Divided attention

Front 19

Covert Attention

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attention to an object or sound in the absence of overt movements of the relevant receptors (e.g., looking at an object in the periphery of vision without moving ones eye's).

Front 20

Allocation of attention to two (or more) non-adjacent regions of visual space.

Back 20

Split attention

Front 21

Inhibition of return

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A reduced probability of visual attention returning to a previously attended location or object.

Front 22

Neglect

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A disorder of visual attention in which stimuli or parts of stimuli presented to the side opposite the brain damage are undetected and not responded to; the condition resembles extinction but is more severe.

Front 23

A disorder of visual attention in which a stimulus presented to the side opposite the brain damage is not detected when another stimulus is presented at the same time to the same side as the brain damage.

Back 23

Extinction

Front 24

Simultanagnosia

Back 24

A brain-damaged condition in which only one object can be seen at a time.

Front 25

A task involving the rapid detection of a specified target stimulus within a visual display.

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Visual Search

Front 26

Cross-modal attention

Back 26

The co-ordination of attention across two or more modalities (e.g., vision and audition).

Front 27

Cross-modal attention

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The co-ordination of attention across two or more modalities (e.g., vision and audition).

Front 28

Attention to a given spatial location determined by voluntary or goal-directed mechanisms.

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Endogenous spatial attention

Front 29

Exogenous spatial attention

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Attention to a given spatial location determined by "involuntary" mechanisms triggered by external stimuli.

Front 30

The mistaken perception that sounds are coming from their apparent visual source, as in ventriloquism.

Back 30

Ventriloquist illusion

Front 31

Underadditivity

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The finding that brain activation when two tasks are performed together is less than the sum of the brain activations when they are performed singularly.

Front 32

A reduced ability to detect a second visual target when it follows closely the first visual target.

Back 32

Attentional blink

Front 33

Stroop effect

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The finding that naming of the colours in which words are printed is slower when the words are conflicting colour words (e.g., the word RED printed in green).

Front 34

Psychological refractory period (PRP) effect

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The slowing of the response to the second of two stimuli when they are presented close together in time.

Front 35

A sensory store in which auditory information is briefly held.

Back 35

Echoic store

Front 36

Chunk

Back 36

A stored unit formed from integrating smaller pieces of information.

Front 37

Chunk

Back 37

A stored unit formed from integrating smaller pieces of information.

Front 38

The finding that the last few items in a list are much better remembered than other items in immediate free recall.

Back 38

Recency effect

Front 39

Central executive

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A modality-free, limited capacity, component of working memory.

Front 40

Central executive

Back 40

A modality-free, limited capacity, component of working memory.

Front 41

A component of working memory, in which speech-based information is held and subvocal articulation occurs.

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Phonological loop

Front 42

Visio-spatial sketchpad

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A component of working memory that is involved in visual and spatial processing of information.

Front 43

Visio-spatial sketchpad

Back 43

A component of working memory that is involved in visual and spatial processing of information.

Front 44

A component of working memory that is used to integrate and to store briefly information from the phonological loop, the visuo-spatial sketchpad, and long-term memory.

Back 44

Episodic buffer

Front 45

Visuo-spatial sketchpad

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A component of working memory that is involved in visual and spatial processing of information.

Front 46

Processing that involves simply repeating analyses which have already been carried out.

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Maintenance rehearsal

Front 47

Implicit learning

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Learning complex information without the ability to provide conscious recollection of what has been learned.

Front 48

It forms part of the basal ganglia of the brain and is located in the upper part of the brainstem and the inferior part of the cerebral hemispheres.

Back 48

Striatum

Front 49

Savings method

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A measure of forgetting introduced by Ebbinghaus, in which the number of trials for re-learning is compared against the number for original learning.

Front 50

Motivated forgetting of traumatic or other threatening events.

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Repression

Front 51

Directed forgetting

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Impaired long-term memory resulting from the instruction to forget information presented for learning.

Front 52

The notion that retrieval depends on the overlap between the information available at retrieval and the information in the memory trace.

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Encoding specificity principle

Front 53

Consolidation

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A process lasting several hours or more which fixes information in long-term memory.

Front 54

Impaired memory for events occurring before the onset of amnesia.

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Retrograde amnesia

Front 55

Anterograde Amnesia

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Reduced ability to remember information acquired after the onset of amnesia.

Front 56

A component of working memory that is used to integrate and to store briefly information from the phonological loop, the visuo-spatial sketchpad, and long-term memory.

Back 56

Episodic buffer

Front 57

A form of long-term memory that involves knowing that something is the case and generally involves conscious recollection; it includes memory for facts (semantic memory) and memory for events (episodic memory).

Back 57

Declarative memory

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Explicit memory

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Memory that involves conscious recollection of information.

Front 59

Forms of long-term memory that influence behaviour but do not involve conscious recollection; priming and procedural memory are examples of this.

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Non-declarative memory

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Implicit memory

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Memory that does not depend on conscious recollection.

Front 61

Articulatory suppression

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Rapid repetition of some simple sound (e.g., "the, the, the"), which uses the articulatory control process of the phonological loop.

Front 62

Phonological similarity effect

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The finding that serial recall of visually presented words is worse when words are phonologically similar rather than phonologically dissimilar.

Front 63

The finding that word span is greater for short words than for long words.

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Word-length effect

Front 64

Visual cache

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According to Logie, the part of the visuo-spatial sketchpad that stores information about visual form and colour.

Front 65

According to Logie, the part of the visuo-spatial sketchpad that deals with spatial and movement information.

Back 65

Inner scribe

Front 66

Dysexecutive syndrome

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A condition in which damage to the frontal lobes causes impairments to the central executive component of working memory.

Front 67

Processes that organise and co-ordinate the functioning of the cognitive system to achieve current goals.

Back 67

Executive processes

Front 68

Stroop task

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A task in which the participant has to name the colours in which words are printed.

Front 69

Episodic Memory

Back 69

A form of long-term memory concerned with personal experiences or episodes that occurred in a given place at a specific time.

Front 70

Semantic dementia

Back 70

A condition in which there is widespread loss of information the meanings of words and concepts but executive functioning is reasonably intact in the early stages.

Front 71

A form of repetition priming in which repeated presentation of a stimulus facilitates perceptual processing of it.

Back 71

Perceptual priming

Front 72

Conceptual priming

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A form of repetition priming in which there is a facilitated processing of stimulus meaning.

Front 73

It is a progressive disorder involving damage to the basal ganglia; the symptoms include rigidity of the muscles, limb tremor, and mask-like facial expression.

Back 73

Parkinson's disease

Front 74

Autobiographical memory

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Memory for the events of one's own life

Front 75

Vivid and detailed memories of dramatic events

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Flashbulb memories

Front 76

Proust phenomenon

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The finding that odours are especially powerful cues for the recall of very old and emotional autobiographical memories.

Front 77

The sense of smell

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Olfaction

Front 78

The inability of adults to recall autobiographical memories from early childhood.

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Infantile amnesia

Front 79

Reminiscence bump

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The tendency of older people to recall a disproportionate number of autobiographical memories from the years of adolescence and early adulthood.

Front 80

A form of long-term memory consisting of general knowledge about the world, concepts, language, and so on.

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Semantic memory

Front 81

Life scripts

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Cultural expectations concerning the nature and order of major life events in a typical person's life.

Front 82

Deliberate or voluntary construction of autobiographical memories based on an individual's current goals.

Back 82

Generative retrieval

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Direct retrieval

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Involuntary recall of autobiographical memories triggered by a specific retrieval cue (e.g., being in the same place as the original event).

Front 84

Emphasis on independence, achievement, and personal power.

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Agentic personality type

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Communal personality type

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Emphasis on interdependence and similarity to others

Front 86

Assumes that categories can be defined by a set of features, that is, categories are defined by rules. For example, the category 'fruit' can be defined by a set of rules such as the presence of seeds.

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Classical theory

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Theory theory

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Suggest concepts are not just a bunch of features that you then make inferences on; they are theories of the world, and their meaning is embedded in the context which they occur. For example, the meaning of 'fruit' and 'fruits' has to do with what you know about trees, plants, the way things grow, not just individual fruits.

Front 88

Perceptual representation system

Back 88

An implicit memory system thought to be involved in the faster processing of previously presented stimuli (e.g., repetition priming).

Front 89

The finding that stimulus processing is faster and easier on the second and successive presentations.

Back 89

Repetition priming

Front 90

Procedural memory/knowledge

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This is concerned with knowing how, and includes the ability to perform skilled actions.

Front 91

A condition involving progressive loss of memory and mental abilities.

Back 91

Alzheimer's disease

Front 92

Concepts

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Mental representations of categories of objects or items.

Front 93

The finding that objects can be identified faster as category members when they are typical or representative members of the category in question.

Back 93

Typicality effect

Front 94

Category-specific deficits

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Disorders caused by brain damage in which semantic memory is disrupted for certain semantic categories.

Front 95

A neurological condition in which patients are unable to perform voluntary bodily movements.

Back 95

Apraxia

Front 96

Lexical decision task

Back 96

A task in which individuals decide as rapidly as possible whether a letter string forms a word.

Front 97

Semantic priming effect

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The finding that word identification is facilitated when there is priming by a semantically related word.

Front 98

A store of detailed information about words, including orthographic, phonological, semantic, and syntactic knowledge.

Back 98

Lexicon

Front 99

Entering the lexicon with its store of detailed information about words.

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Lexical access

Front 100

Cascade model

Back 100

A model in which information passes from one level to the next before processing is complete at the first level.

Front 101

A condition in which regular words can be read but there is impaired ability to read irregular words.

Back 101

Surface dyslexia

Front 102

Phonological dyslexia

Back 102

A condition in which familiar words can be read but there is impaired ability to read unfamiliar words and non-words.

Front 103

A condition in which reading unfamiliar words is impaired and there are semantic reading errors (e.g., reading "missile" as "rocket").

Back 103

Deep dyslexia

Front 104

Saccades

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Fast eye movements that cannot be altered after being initiated.

Front 105

The effective field of view in reading (letters to the left and right of fixation that can be processed).

Back 105

Perceptual span

Front 106

Spillover effect

Back 106

Any given word is fixated longer during reading when preceded by a rare word rather than a common one.

Front 107

A task in which visually presented words are pronounced aloud as rapidly as possible.

Back 107

Naming task

Front 108

The finding that fixation duration on the current word is influenced by characteristics of the next word.

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Parafoveal-on-foveal effects

Front 109

Discourse

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Connected text or speech generally at least several sentences long.

Front 110

Inferences depending solely on the meaning of words.

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Logical inferences

Front 111

Bridging inferences

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Inferences that are drawn to increase the coherence between the current and preceding parts of a text; also known as backward inferences.

Front 112

Inferences that add details to a text that is being read by making use of our general knowledge; also known as forward inferences.

Back 112

Elaborative inferences

Front 113

Anaphor resolution

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Working out the referent of a pronoun or noun by relating it to some previously mentioned noun or noun phrase.

Front 114

The smallest units of meaning within words

Back 114

Morphemes

Front 115

Spreading activation

Back 115

The notion that activation of a given node (often a word) in long-term memory leads to activation or energy spreading to other related nodes or words.

Front 116

Speech errors that are semantically and phonologically related to the intended word.

Back 116

Mixed-error effect

Front 117

Aphasia

Back 117

Impaired language abilities as a result of brain damage.

Front 118

Orthography

Back 118

Information about the spellings of words

Front 119

The tendency for speech errors to consist of words rather than non-words.

Back 119

Lexical bias effect

Front 120

Lemmas

Back 120

Abstract words possessing syntactic and semantic features but not phonological ones.

Front 121

A condition where patients have fluent and apparently grammatical speech which often lacks meaning, and they have severe problems with speech comprehension. Many content words are often missing.

Back 121

Wernicke's aphasia

Front 122

Broca's aphasia

Back 122

A form of aphasia involving non-fluent speech and grammatical errors.

Front 123

Anomia

Back 123

A condition caused by brain damage in which there is impaired ability to name objects.

Front 124

A condition in which speech production lacks grammatical structure and many function words and word endings are omitted; often also associated with comprehension difficulties.

Back 124

Agrammatism

Front 125

Jargon aphasia

Back 125

A brain-damaged condition in which speech is reasonably correct grammatically but there are great problems in finding the right words.

Front 126

Neogisms

Back 126

Made up words produced by individuals suffering from jargon aphasia.

Front 127

The process of translating the meaning of a word into its sound representation during speech production.

Back 127

Lexicalisation

Front 128

Information about the sounds of words and parts of words.

Back 128

Phonology

Front 129

Semantics

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The meaning conveyed by words and sentences

Front 130

Influencing the processing of (and response to) a target by presenting a stimulus related to it in some way beforehand.

Back 130

Priming

Front 131

Homophones

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Words having the same pronunciations but that differ in the way they are spelled.

Front 132

A target letter is more readily detected in a letter string when the string forms a word than when it does not.

Back 132

Word superiority effect

Front 133

Pseudo word

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A pronounceable non-word.

Front 134

Orthographic neighbours

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With reference to a given word, those other words that can be formed by changing one of its letters.

Front 135

Optimisation:

Back 135

the selection of the best choice in decision making.

Front 136

The notion that people are as rational as their processing limitations permit.

Back 136

Bounded rationality

Front 137

Satisficing

Back 137

selection of the first choice meeting certain minimum requirements; the word is formed from the words “satisfactory” and “sufficing”.

Front 138

An emerging approach in which economic decision making is understood within theframework of cognitive neuroscience.

Back 138

Neuroeconomics

Front 139

Framing effect

Back 139

the influence of irrelevant aspects of a situation (e.g., wording of the problem) on decision making.

Front 140

In decision making, the notion that the better of two similar optionswill be preferred.

Back 140

Dominance principle:

Front 141

Sunk-cost effect:

Back 141

expending additional resources to justify some previous commitment that has not worked well.

Front 142

The tendency to be more sensitive to potential losses than to potential gains.

Back 142

Loss aversion:

Front 143

Recognition heuristic

Back 143

using the knowledge that only one out of two objects is recognised to make a judgement.

Front 144

The assumption that the frequencies of events can beestimated accurately by the accessibility in memory.

Back 144

Availability heuristic:

Front 145

Conjunction fallacy

Back 145

the mistaken belief that the probability of a conjunction of two events (A and B) is greater than the probability of one of them (A or B).

Front 146

The assumption that representative or typical members of a category are encountered most frequently.

Back 146

Representativeness heuristic

Front 147

Base-rate information

Back 147

The relative frequency of an event within a population.

Front 148

Problems in which the initial state, goal, and methods available for solving them are clearly laid out.

Back 148

well-defined problems

Front 149

Ill-defined problems

Back 149

problems in which the definition of the problem statement is imprecisely specified; the initial state, goal state, and methods to be used to solve the problem may be unclear.

Front 150

Knowledge-rich problems:

Back 150

Problems that can only be solved through the use of considerable amounts of prior knowledge

Front 151

Problems that can be solved without the use of much prior knowledge, with most of the necessary information being provided by the problem statement.

Back 151

Knowledge-lean problems

Front 152

Trial-and-error learning:

Back 152

A type of learning in which the solution is reached by producing fairly random responses rather than by a process of thought.

Front 153

Re-use of previous knowledge to solve a current problem.

Back 153

Reproductive thinking

Front 154

Productive thinking

Back 154

solving a problem by developing an understanding of the problem’s underlying structure.

Front 155

theexperience of suddenly realising how to solve a problem.

Back 155

Insight

Front 156

Einstellung

Back 156

mental set, in which people use a familiar strategy even where there is a simpler alternative or the problem cannot be solved using it.

Front 157

Thefinding that a problem is solved more easily when it is put aside for sometime.

Back 157

Incubation

Front 158

Problem space

Back 158

an abstract description of all the possible states that can occur in a problem situation.

Front 159

Rules of thumb that are cognitively undemanding and often produce approximatelyaccurate answers.

Back 159

Heuristics

Front 160

Algorithm

Back 160

A computational procedure providing a specified set of steps to a solution.

Front 161

A heuristic method for solvingproblems based on creating a subgoal to reduce the difference between thecurrent state and the goal state.

Back 161

Means– ends analysis:

Front 162

Hill climbing

Back 162

A heuristic involving changing the present state of a problem into one apparently closer to the goal.

Front 163

A heuristic used in problem solving in which insufficiently rapid progress towards solution leads to the adoption of a different strategy.

Back 163

Progress monitoring

Front 164

Negative transfer

Back 164

Past experience in solving one problem disrupts the ability to solve a similar current problem.

Front 165

Past experience of solving one problem makesit easier to solve a similar current problem

Back 165

Positive transfer

Front 166

Far transfer

Back 166

Beneficial effects of previous problem solving on current problem solving in a dissimilar context; a form of positive transfer .

Front 167

Beneficial effects of previous problem solving on current problem solving; aform of positive transfer.

Back 167

Near transfer

Front 168

Metacognition

Back 168

An individual’s beliefs and knowledge about his/her own cognitive processes and strategies.

Front 169

Developing abilities through practice so as to increase the probability of goal achievement.

Back 169

Skill acquisition

Front 170

Chunk

Back 170

A stored unit formed from integrating smaller pieces of information.

Front 171

Asapplied to chess, an abstract schematic structure consisting of a mixture offixed and variable information about chess pieces.

Back 171

Template

Front 172

Routine expertise

Back 172

Using acquired knowledge to solve familiar problems efficiently.

Front 173

Using acquired knowledge to develop strategies for dealing with novel problems.

Back 173

Adaptive expertise

Front 174

Deliberate practice

Back 174

This form of practice involves the learner being provided with informative feedback and having the opportunity to correct his/her errors.

Front 175

This is used by experts to store relevant information in long-termmemory and to access it through retrieval cues in working memory

Back 175

Long-term working memory:

Front 176

Idiots savants

Back 176

Individuals having limited outstanding expertise in spite of being mentally retarded.

Front 177

A careful examination and description of one’s own inner mental thoughts.

Back 177

Introspection

Front 178

Affective blindsight

Back 178

The ability to discriminate between emotional stimuli in the absence of conscious perception of these stimuli; found in patients with lesions to the primary visual cortex (see blindsight ).

Front 179

Thenotion that each species develops fearful or phobic reactions most readily toobjects that were dangerous in its evolutionary history.

Back 179

Preparedness

Front 180

Mood-state-dependentmemory

Back 180

The finding that memory is better when the mood state at retrieval is the same as that at learning than when the two mood states differ.

Front 181

The finding that learning and retrieval of emotional material is better whenthere is agreement between the learner’s or rememberer’s mood state and theaffective value of the material.

Back 181

Mood congruity

Front 182

Dissociative identitydisorder

Back 182

A mental disorder in which the patient claims to have two or more personalities that are separate from each other.

Front 183

One of the symptoms of dissociative identity disorder , in whichthe patient claims amnesia for events experienced by other identities.

Back 183

Inter-identity amnesia

Front 184

Affective infusion

Back 184

The process by which affective information influences various cognitive processes such as attention, learning, judgement, and memory.

Front 185

Relatively better memory performance for negative than for neutral or positiveinformation on a test of implicit memory

Back 185

Implicit memory bias

Front 186

Explicit memory bias

Back 186

The retrieval of relatively more negative or unpleasant information than positive or neutral information on a test of explicit memory.

Front 187

Theprocess by which affective information influences various cognitive processessuch as attention, learning, judgement, and memory.

Back 187

Affective infusion

Front 188

Attentional bias

Back 188

Selective allocation of attention to threat-related stimuli when presented simultaneously with neutral stimuli.

Front 189

The tendency when presented with ambiguous stimuli or situations to interpret them in a relatively threatening way.

Back 189

Interpretive bias

Front 190

Vegetative state

Back 190

A condition produced by brain damage in which there is wakefulness but an apparent lack of awareness and purposeful behaviour.

Front 191

Suppression of the perception of a stimulus (e.g., visual; auditory) bypresenting a second stimulus (the masking stimulus) very soon thereafter.

Back 191

Masking

Front 192

Binocular rivalry

Back 192

This occurs when an observer perceives only one visual stimulus when two different stimuli are presented (one to each eye); the stimulus seen alternates over time.

Front 193

Split-brain patients

Back 193

These are patients in whom most of the direct links between the two hemispheres have been severed; as a result, they can experience problems in co-ordinating their processing and behaviour.

Front 194

A memory disorder in which the person believes that multiplecopies of people and places exist.

Back 194

Reduplicative paramnesia:

Front 195

Theattempt to find supportive or confirming evidence for one’s hypothesis.

Back 195

Confirmation

Front 196

Falsification

Back 196

Proposing hypotheses and then trying to falsify them by experimental tests; the logically correct means by which science should work according to Popper (1968);.

Front 197

A greater focus on evidence apparently confirming one’s hypothesis than on disconfirming evidence.

Back 197

confirmation bias:

Front 198

Cognitive Psychology

Back 198

An approach that aim to understand human cognition by the study of behaviour.

Front 199

An approach that aims to understand human cognition by combining information from behaviour and the brain.

Back 199

Cognitive Neuroscience

Front 200

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Back 200

A brain-scanning technique based on the detection of positrons; it has reasonable spatial resolution but poor temporal resolution.

Front 201

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Back 201

A technique based on imaging blood oxygentation using an MRI machine; it provides information about the location and time course of brain processes.

Front 202

This approach involves studying brain-damaged patients as a way of understanding normal human cognition. It was originally closely linked to cognitive psychology but has recently also become linked to cognitive neuroscience.

Back 202

Cognitive Neuropsychology

Front 203

This approach involves developing computational models to further our understanding of human cognition; such models increasingly take account of our knowledge of behaviour and the brain.

Back 203

Computational Cognitive Science

Front 204

What year was of crucial importance to Cognitive Psychology?

Back 204

1956

Front 205

Processing that is directly influenced by environmental stimuli

Back 205

Bottom-Up processing

Front 206

Top-down processing

Back 206

Stimulus processing that is influenced by factors such as the individual's past experience and expectations.

Front 207

Serial Processing

Back 207

Processing in which one process is completed before the next one starts.

Front 208

Parallel processing

Back 208

Processing in which two or more cognitive processes occur at the same time.

Front 209

Cognitive Neuropsychology

Back 209

An approach that involves studying the cognitive functioning in brain damaged patients to increase our understanding of normal human cognition.

Front 210

Ecological Validity

Back 210

The extent to which experimental findings are applicable to everyday settings

Front 211

Paradigm Specificity

Back 211

Means that some of the findings in cognitive psychology are narrow in scope. There has been relatively little research in this area, and so we do not know whether the problem is widespread.

Front 212

Consists of about 50 billion neurons, each of which can connect with up to about 10,000 other neurons.

Back 212

The brain

Front 213

Perception

Back 213

The aquisition and processing of sensory information in order to see, hear, tase, or feel objects in the world also guides an organism's actions with respect to those objects.

Front 214

Reception

Back 214

Involves absorption of physical energy by the receptors.

Front 215

Where the physical energy is converted into an electrochemical pattern in the neurons.

Back 215

Transduction

Front 216

Coding

Back 216

There is a direct one-to-one correspondence between aspects of the physical stimulus and aspects of the resultant nervous system activity.

Front 217

There are six million cones, mostly in the ______ or central part of the retina.

Back 217

Fovea

Front 218

Cones are used for

Back 218

Colour vision and for sharpness of vision.

Front 219

There are 125 million rods concentrated in the outer regions of the ________

Back 219

Retina

Front 220

Rods are specialised for _____________________.

Back 220

vision in dim light and movement detection.

Front 221

Each eye has its own optic nerve, and the two optic nerves meet at the ___________________.

Back 221

Optic Chiasma

Front 222

This pathway is most sensitive to colour and to fine detail; most of its input comes from cones.

Back 222

The parvocellular (P) pathway

Front 223

This pathway is most sensitive to information about movement; most of its input comes from rods.

Back 223

The Magnocellular (M) pathway

Front 224

The ventral is known as the __________ pathway and is concerned with __________________.

Back 224

"what", colour processing

Front 225

The dorsal is known as the _________ or __________ pathways, mainly concerned with ____________.

Back 225

"where", "how", movement

Front 226

The receptive field for any given neuron.....

Back 226

is that region of the retina in which light affects its activity.

Front 227

Where reduction of activity in one neuron is caused by activity in a neighbouring neuron.

Back 227

Lateral Inhibition

Front 228

Retinotopic maps

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Is an array of nerve cells that have the same positions relative to one another as their receptive fields have on the surface of the retina. They preserve the spatial arrangement of the visual image.

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Akinetopsia

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Is a condition in which stationary objects are generally perceived fairly normally but moving objects are not.

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Visual Agnosia

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A condition involving severe problems with object recognition even though visual information reaches the cortex.

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Apperceptive Agnosia

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Object Recognition is impaired because of deficits in perceptual processing

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Associative Agnosia

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Perceptual processes are essentially intact. However, object recognition is impaired because of difficulties in accessing relevant knowledge about objects from memory.

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Edge grouping by collinearity

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This is an early processing stage during which the edges of an object are derived.

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Integrative agnosia

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A from of visual agnosia in which patients have problems in integrating or combining an objects features in object recognition.