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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Zeitgeist
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Spirit of the times
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Great Person Approach
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Practiced by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Calling upon work of Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Darwin and Freud.
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Historical Development Approach
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How individuals or events contributed to changes
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Eclectic Approach
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Combination of Zeitgeist, Great Person and Historial Development Approaches.
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E.G Boring
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Believed zeitgeist determind how an idea is accepted. Validity is not the only criterion for judging an idea - also psychological and social factors.
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Gordon W Allport
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Discussed fashions in psychology
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Phrenology or Cranioscopy
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Belief that personality characteristics could be understood by analysing the bumps and depressions on a persons skull.
Gall |
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Structuralism
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Introspective study of elements of thought. Seen as sterile and unproductive.
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Rationalism
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Rational thought enough to create reliable and useful knowledge of humans
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Empiricism
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Observation and experiment to create knowledge (Now the dominant approach).
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Wilhelm Wundt
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1879 in Leipzig established laboratory to study mental processes.
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Psychology definition
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"Scientific study of behaviour and mental processes." Definition dates back to Wilhelm Wundt.
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Irving Yalom
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Uses teachings of Epicurus in psychotherapy and psychology.
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Alcmaeon
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Pythagorean.
Health = Balance of qualities. Pysicians job is to help regain equilibrium. |
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Alcmaeon was among the first to...
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Disect human bodies.
Learnt brain was connected to sense organs. Concluded that sensation, perception, memory, thinking and understanding occurred in the brain. |
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Who carried on Alcmaeon's ideas?
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Helmholtz, Wundt, James and Freud
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Hippocrates
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Concluded all disorders were caused by natural factors such as inherited suseptibility to disease, organic injury and imbalance of body fluids.
Challenged beliefs in medicine on superstition and magic. |
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The Hippocratics agreed with Empedodes that...
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Everything is made from 4 elements - earth air fire water.
Four humors of the body |
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What were the four humors?
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Earth = Black Bile
Air = Yellow Bile Fire = Blood Water = Phlegm Balance was needed for health |
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V. Robinson
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"The work of the hippocratics marks the greatest revolution in the history of medicine"
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Galen extended Hippocrates ideas how?
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Extended Hippocrates ideas to create a rudimentary theory of personality.
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Galen's interpretation of the four humors
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Phlegm = Phlegmatic = Sluggish, unemotional
Blood = Sanguine = Cheerful Yellow Bile = Choleric = Quick Tempered Black bile = Melancholic = Sad |
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Sophists
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Anything is true if you can convince someone that it is true.
Professional teachers of rhetoric and logic. Effective communication determined acceptance of an idea more than validity. Truth is relative therefore no single truth exists. Shift towards Epistemological thinking. |
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Epistemology
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Inverstigates origin, nature, methods and limits of human knowledge
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Protagorus
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Sophist.
"Man is the measure of all things - of the things that are, that they are - of the things that are not, that they are not." Truth depends on the perciever Truth is culturally determined Relativism. |
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Socrates
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First to provide serious challenge to the relativism of Sophists
Agreed with Sophists that individual experience is important - "know thyself" Disagreed that no truth exists beyond opinion. Truth can be general and shared Concerned mainly with what it means to be human and problems of human existence. |
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Inductive Definition
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Socrates.
Examined instances of (eg.) beauty to look for commonality. Sought the "essence" of what beauty is. "To truly know something is to understand it's essence" |
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Plato
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Continued the work of Socrates
Later work combined socratic and pythagorean ideas. |
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Theory of Forms
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Plato.
Everything in the empirical world is a manifestation of a pure form or idea that exists in the abstract. Concept of form replaces socratic "essence" |
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Analagy of the Divided Line
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World of Appearences = Images, Reality
Intelligable World = Form, mathematics |
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Reminiscience Theory of Knowledge
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All Knowledge is innate and can be attained only through introspection.
Prior to being implanted into the body the soul had complete knowledge, which is latter contaminated by the senses. |
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Plato's supreme goal in life
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To free the soul of the adulturations of the body (to control natural urges with reason)
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Aristotle and pyschology
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Wrote about memory, sensation, sleep, dreams, geriatrics and learning.
His book "De Anima" (On the Soul) is considered to be the first history of psychology. Sought to explain psychological phenomena in biological terms. Can be seen as the first physiological psychologist. |
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Aristotle on essences
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Could become known by studying nature (as opposed to plato who believed essences could only become known through introspection)
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Aristotle and isms...
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Embraced both rationalism and empiricism (both ration and sensory observation to gain knowledge)
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Aristotle on the body
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Body was not a hindrance to the search for knowledge (as plato believed)
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Aristotle's Four Causes
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Material Cause = The matter from which an object is made.
Formal Cause = The pattern/shape/form which an object takes on. Efficiant Cause = The which made the object into it's form Final Cause = The purpose of the form |
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Teleology
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the belief that purpose and design are a part of or are apparent in nature
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Entelechy
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The built in function or purpose of all things
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Scala naturae
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The scale of heirarchy in nature - from nuetral matter to unmoved mover (pure actuality).
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Heirarchy of Souls
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Aristotle.
Vegetative (Nutritive) Soul = Plants. Allows growth, assimilation of food and reproduction Sensitive Soul = Animals. Also experience pleasure & pain, respond to the environment and have emotions and memory. Rational Soul = Humans. Also allows rational thought/thinking. |
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Common Sense
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Aristotle
Co-ordinated and gave meaning to all of the senses. Located in the heart. |
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Passive Reason
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Ulitization of the synthasised senses for everyday use (without greater understanding)
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Active Reason
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Abstraction of principles or reason from synthisised experience.
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Laws of Association
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Aristotle
Contiguity = When we think of something we tend to think of related experiences Similarity = When we think of something we tend to think of something similar to it Contrast = When we think of something we tend to think of something that is its opposite |
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Animism
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No distinction between animate and inanimate objects
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Anthropomorphism
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Projections of human emotions and behaviour onto nature
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Nativism
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The doctrine that innate ideas exist
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Epicurus
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Based his philosophy upon Demicurus' Atomism (but rejected his determinism)
Nature of Atoms (ability to move freely) that gave humans free will (not a disembodied soul) Materialist |
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Materialism
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Belief that the universe is eminently physical, including the human soul
Nothing beyond the physical is thought to exist |
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Hedonism
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Seeking pleasure and avoiding pain
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Epicurus' Hedonism
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Came from the pleasure of meeting ones basic needs, not indulging in excess
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Augustine
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Shared with the Pythagoreans, Platonists, Neoplatonists and early christians a contempt of the flesh.
True knowledge came from introspective knowledge of forms and awareness of god Focussed on free will and responsiblity for the self |
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Internal Sense
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Augustine
Provides awareness of truth, error, obligation and moral right. Deviation induces feelings of guilt |
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St Albertus Magnus
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Made a comprehensive review of Aristotles works and their Islamic and Jewish interpretations.
Attempted to show the church how humans' rational powers could be used to achieve salvation |
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St Thomas Aquinas
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Synthesised Aristotelean and Christian thought.
Reason and faith cannot conflict as they both lead to the same ultimate reality, god. |
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William of Occam
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No unnecessary assumptions should be made when explaining something (explanations should be as simple as possible)
Occam's Razor We can trust our senses to tell us what our world is like, without needing to worry about what lurks beyond out experience |
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Descartes
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Rationalist
Cartesian Dualism - Mind Body distinction |
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Thomas Hobbes
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Used everyday experience as the basis for logical and rational systems of thought.
Materialist Consciousness is a byproduct of brain activity Thoughts are determined by laws of association. Contiguity was important (like Aristotle) |
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John Locke
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Empiricist
Ideas generated by experience (contrasting Descartes' view that ideas are innate) Mind at birth is blank, a Tabula Rasa Sensation (observation of the outside) and reflection (observation of own mental processes) |
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David Hume
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Empiricist
Reason is the slave of the passions Self exists as a stream of ideas Laws of resemblance, contiguity and cause or effect |
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John Stuart Mill
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Radical Empiricist
All human knowledge is derived by generalisation from sensory experience Developed Utilitarian Ethical Theory - Right actions are those that produce the greatest happiness in the greatest number of people |
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Alexander Bain
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Produced the first two Psychology text books - The Senses and the Itellect, and Emotions and the Will
Related real physiological processes to psychological phenomena Laws of association had their effects because of changes at a neurological level. |
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Ablation
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Surgical removal of part of the brain to study the effects on behaviour (experiments performed by Flourens)
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Fritsch and Hitzig
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Experiments with dogs
Discovered (through electrical stimulation) that different areas of the brain were responsible for different functions. |
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Bell
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Discovered that sensory nerves carry impulses from the sense receptors to the brain
Motor nerves carry impulses from the brain to the muscles and glands |
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Vitalism
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There must be something more to life than matter
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Helmholtz
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measured the speed of conduction proving that nerve impulses were not "instantaneous due to god"
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Weber
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Systematically studied and measured perceptions
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Panpsychism
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Fechner - Believed that consciousness is everywhere in the world
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Fechner's law
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S = c log M indicated that higher stimulus intesities require larger and larger increases for a change in sensation
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Darwin
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Inspired comparative psychology with use of animals as models for human phenomena
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Social Darwinists
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believed differences between (social) classes reflect evolutionary and biological fitness
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Voluntarism
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Wundt
Will is the fundamental agency |
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Volkerpsychologie
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Wundt
Drawing upon myth, folklore, art and religion in the study of higher mental processes |
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Titchner
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Student of Wundt
Introspection with analysis of experience |
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Structuralism
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Titchner
psychology centering on the analysis of the structure or content of conscious mental states by introspective methods |
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Sechnov
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Inspired Pavlov's studies of learning - Classical conditioning
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Functionalism
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William James
Emphasized function (What for) rather than elements (What is) |
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James-Lange Theory of emotion
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Awareness of the response is thought to be the emotion (ie. the emotion "fear" is the awareness that i'm running away and my heart is beating fast.
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Behaviourism
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John B. Watson
Connections are learned between stimulus and response "Behaviourist Manifesto" Importance of education over inherited characteristics and instincts |
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B.F. Skinner
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Behaviourism
Against the use of theory in psychology, based on Positivism. Psychology could only be scientific by studying observed behaviour |
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Gestalt Psychology
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Koffka and Kohler
Objected to Watson and Skinner's approaches. Emphasised internal factors such as cognition or thought Examination of the whole |
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Kreaplin
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Develop first classification system for mental illness
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Existentialism
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stresses the individual's unique position as a self-determining agent responsible for the authenticity of his or her choices
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Carl Rodgers
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Existentialist
Thought that psychoanalysis and behaviourism were deterministic and reuctionistic - ignoring free will |
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Miller
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Studied shrot=term memory. Established an understanding of our limitations.
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Chomsky
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Argued behaviouralism offers an inadqueate view of how language is learned
We have innate language aquisition devices - present in all cultures Rationalist |
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Cognitive psychology
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Focuses on internal representations of external events,
views humans primarily as processors of information Examines how individulas interpret and appraise situations and events Attempts to show how symbols and knowledge are manipulated in rule-governed ways |
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Gerd Achenbach
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Opened a philosophical councelling practice in Cologne in the 80's.
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Philosophical Councelling
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Critical enquiry into existing modes of thinking. Focussed dialogical exchange for the imporovement of the client's personal condition and betterment of their life.
Suitable for existential, ehtical, political and logical problems. |
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Mental Illness according to Raabe
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Causal factors:
1) Endogenous causes (neurological malfunctions, congenital defects, abuse or drugs) which prevent normal cognitive functioning 2) Severe exogenous causes (child abuse, trauma or prolonged stress) which interfere with normal living by producing anxiety, depression etc. 3) Distress and confusino suffered as a result of unresolved everyday problems. |
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Raabe on philosophical councelling
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Philosophical councelling is not suitable for category 1) and most of category 2) but may be beneficial in category 3)
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