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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Heuristic |
educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions for a problem; also known as a “rule of thumb” |
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representative heuristic |
assumption that any object (or person) sharing characteristics with the members of a particular category is also a member of that category |
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availability heuristic |
estimating the frequency or likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory or how easy it is to think of related examples |
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Emotional intelligence |
awareness of and ability to manage one’s own emotions, as well as the ability to be self-motivated, to feel what others feel, and to be socially skilled |
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Heritability of IQ |
0.50 |
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Flynn effect |
IQ scores steadily increasing over time in modernized countries |
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The Bell Curve |
a book that made widely criticized claims about the heritability of intelligence |
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Nature |
the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions |
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Nurture |
the influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions |
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Behavioral genetics |
focuses on nature vs. nurture |
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Erikson’s Fifth Stage |
-Identity versus role confusion: fifth stage of personality development – the adolescent must find a consistent sense of self - Parent–teen conflict |
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Motivation |
the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met |
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extrinsic motivation |
a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person |
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intrinsic motivation |
a person performs an action because the act is fun, challenging, or satisfying in an internal manner |
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Self-actualization |
the point at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential |
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Peak experiences |
times in a person’s life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved |
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Maslow's Hierarchy |
Psychological Safety Social Self-Esteem Cognitive Aesthetic Self-actualization Transcendence |
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Self-determination theory (SDT) |
the social context of an action has an effect on the type of motivation existing for the action |
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Intrinsic motivation |
type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner |
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Emotion: the “feeling” aspect of consciousness characterized by |
– certain physical arousal the outside world |
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amygdala |
a complex structure with many different nuclei and subdivisions, whose roles have been investigated primarily through studies of fear conditioning |
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emotional stimuli travel to the ... |
... amygdala by both a fast, crude “low road” (subcortical) and a slower but more involved cortical “high road” |
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Facial feedback hypothesis |
facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion |
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Gender |
the psychological aspects of being male or female |
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Gender roles |
the culture’s expectations for masculine or feminine behavior, including: – attitudes |
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Stress |
physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging |
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Stressors |
events that cause a stress reaction |
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Catastrophe |
an unpredictable, large-scale event that creates a tremendous need to adapt and adjust as well as overwhelming feelings of threat |
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Major life changes |
cause stress by requiring adjustment |
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Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) |
measures the amount of stress resulting from major life events in a person’s life over a one- year period |
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College Undergraduate Stress Scale (CUSS) |
measures the amount of stress resulting from major life events in a college student’s life over a one-year period |
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Hassles |
the daily annoyances of everyday life |
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Pressure |
the psychological experience produced by urgent demands or expectations for a person’s behavior that come from an outside source |
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Uncontrollability |
-the degree of control that the person has over a particular event or situation – the less control a person has, the greater the degree of stress |
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Autonomic nervous system is composed of... |
– sympathetic system – parasympathetic system |
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sympathetic system |
responds to stressful events |
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parasympathetic system |
restores the body to normal functioning after stress has ceased |
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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) |
three stages of the body’s physiological adaptation to stress
alarm resistance exhaustion |
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Type A personality |
– ambitious – time conscious |
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Type B personality |
– relaxed and laid-back – slow to anger |
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Social-support system |
the network of family, friends, neighbors, coworkers, and others who can offer support, comfort, or aid to a person in need |
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How does religion relate to stress? |
People with religious beliefs also have been found to cope better with stressful events |