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42 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Heuristic

educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions for a problem; also known as a “rule of thumb”

representative heuristic

assumption that any object (or person) sharing characteristics with the members of a particular category is also a member of that category

availability heuristic

estimating the frequency or likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory or how easy it is to think of related examples

Emotional intelligence

awareness of and ability to manage one’s own emotions, as well as the ability to be self-motivated, to feel what others feel, and to be socially skilled

Heritability of IQ

0.50

Flynn effect

IQ scores steadily increasing


over time in modernized countries

The Bell Curve

a book that made widely criticized claims about the heritability of intelligence

Nature

the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions

Nurture

the influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions

Behavioral genetics

focuses on nature vs. nurture

Erikson’s Fifth Stage

-Identity versus role confusion: fifth stage of personality development


– the adolescent must find a consistent sense of self


- Parent–teen conflict

Motivation

the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met

extrinsic motivation

a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person

intrinsic motivation

a person performs an action because the act is fun, challenging, or satisfying in an internal manner

Self-actualization

the point at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential

Peak experiences

times in a person’s life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved

Maslow's Hierarchy

Psychological


Safety


Social


Self-Esteem


Cognitive


Aesthetic


Self-actualization


Transcendence

Self-determination theory (SDT)

the social context of an action has an effect on the type of motivation existing for the action

Intrinsic motivation

type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner

Emotion: the “feeling” aspect of consciousness characterized by

– certain physical arousal
– certain behavior that reveals the emotion to


the outside world
– inner awareness of feelings

amygdala

a complex structure with many different nuclei and subdivisions, whose roles have been investigated primarily through studies of fear conditioning

emotional stimuli travel to the ...

... amygdala by both a fast, crude “low road” (subcortical) and a slower but more involved cortical “high road”

Facial feedback hypothesis

facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion

Gender

the psychological aspects of being male or female

Gender roles

the culture’s expectations for masculine or feminine behavior, including:


– attitudes
– actions
– personality traits

Stress

physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging

Stressors

events that cause a stress reaction

Catastrophe

an unpredictable, large-scale event that creates a tremendous need to adapt and adjust as well as overwhelming feelings of threat

Major life changes

cause stress by requiring adjustment

Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

measures the amount of stress resulting from major life events in a person’s life over a one- year period

College Undergraduate Stress Scale (CUSS)

measures the amount of stress resulting from major life events in a college student’s life over a one-year period

Hassles

the daily annoyances of everyday life

Pressure

the psychological experience produced by urgent demands or expectations for a person’s behavior that come from an outside source

Uncontrollability

-the degree of control that the person has over a particular event or situation


– the less control a person has, the greater the degree of stress

Autonomic nervous system is composed of...

– sympathetic system


– parasympathetic system

sympathetic system

responds to stressful


events

parasympathetic system

restores the body to normal functioning after stress has ceased

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

three stages of the body’s physiological adaptation to stress



alarm


resistance


exhaustion

Type A personality

– ambitious


– time conscious
– extremely hardworking
– tends to have high levels of hostility and anger – easily annoyed

Type B personality

– relaxed and laid-back
– less driven and competitive than Type A


– slow to anger

Social-support system

the network of family, friends, neighbors, coworkers, and others who can offer support, comfort, or aid to a person in need

How does religion relate to stress?

People with religious beliefs also have been found to cope better with stressful events