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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes?
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Psychology
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What is a systematic empirical investigation that is structured to answer questions around the world?
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Scientific observation
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What is the systematic approach to answering scientific questions?
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Research method
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What in research is an animal whose behavior is used to discover principles that may apply to human behavior?
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Animal model
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What is in scientific research, the process of naming and classifying?
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Description
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What in psychology, is achieved when the cause of behavior can be stated?
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Understanding
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What is an ability to accurately forecast behavior?
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Prediction
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What is altering condition that influence behavior?
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Control
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What is any physical energy that has effect on an organism and that evokes a response?
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Stimulus
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To look within; to examine one's own thoughts, feelings, or sensations.
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Introspection
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What is the school of thought concerning with analyzing sensations and personal experiences into basic elements?
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Structuralism
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What is the school of psychology concerned with how behavior and mental abilities help people adapt to their environments?
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Functionalism
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What is Darwin's theory that evolution favors those plants and animals best suited to their living conditions?
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Natural selection
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What is school of psychology that emphasizes the study of overt, observable behavior?
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Behaviorism
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What is any muscular action, glandular activity, or other identifiable aspect of behavior?
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Response
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What is a school of psychology emphasizing the study of thinking, learning, and perception in whole units, not by analysis into parts?
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Gestalt psychology
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What is contents of the mind that are beyond awareness, especially impulses and desires not directly known to a person?
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Unconscious
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What is a Freudian approach to psychotherapy emphasizing the exploration of unconscious conflicts?
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Psychoanalysis
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What is any theory of behavior that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces?
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Psychodynamic theory
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What is an approach to psychology that focuses on human experience, problems, potentials, and ideals?
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Humanism
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What is the idea that all behavior has prior causes that would completely explain one's choices and actions if all such causes were known?
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Determinism
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What is the idea that human beings are capable of freely making choices or decisions?
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Free will
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What is the process of fully developing one's personal potentials?
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Self-actualization
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What is the study of human strengths, virtues, and effective functioning?
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Positive psychology
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What is the idea that behavior must be judged relative to the values of the culture in which it occurs?
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Cultural relativity
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What is the unspoken rules that define acceptable and expected behavior for members of a group?
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Social norms
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Who is a person highly trained in the methods, factual knowledge, and theories of psychology?
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Psychologist
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Who is a psychologist, specialized in the treatment of psychological and behavioral disturbances or who does research on such disturbances?
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Clinical psychologist
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Who is a psychologist, specialized in the treatment of milder emotional and behavioral disturbances?
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Counseling psychologist
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Who is a medical doctor with additional training in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional disorders?
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Psychiatrist
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Who is a mental health professional trained to practice psychoanalysis?
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Psychoanalyst
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Who is a mental health professional who specializes in helping people with problems not involving serious mental disorder; for example, marriage counselors, career counselors, or school counselors?
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Counselor
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Who is a mental health professional trained to apply social science principles to help patients in clinic and hospitals?
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Psychiatric social worker
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What is testing the truth of a proposition by careful measurement and controlled observation?
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Scientific method
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What is the predicted outcome of an experiment or an educated guess about the relationship between variables?
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Hypothesis
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Defining a scientific concept by stating the specific actions or procedures used to measure it. For example, "hunger" might be defined as "the number of hours of food deprivation"
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Operational definition
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A system of ideas designed to interrelate concepts and facts in a way that summarizes existing data and predicts future observations.
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Theory
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Observing behavior as it unfolds in natural settings.
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Naturalistic observation
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Making measurements to discover relationships between events.
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Correlational method
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Investigating behavior through controlled experimentation.
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Experimental method
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Studying psychological problems and therapies in clinical settings.
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Clinical method
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Using questionnaires and surveys to poll large group of people.
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Survey method
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Changes in behavior brought about by an awareness of being observed.
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Observer effect
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The tendency of an observer to distort observations or perceptions to match his or her expectations.
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Observer bias
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The error of attributing human thoughts, feelings, or motives to animals, especially as a way of explaining their behavior.
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Anthropomorphic Error
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The existence of a consistent,systematic relationship between two events, measures or variables.
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Correlation
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A non experimental study designed to measure the degree of relationship (if any) between two or more events, measures, or variables.
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Correlational study
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A statistical index ranging from -1.00 to +1.00 that indicates the direction and degree of correlation.
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Coefficient of correlation
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A formal trial undertaken to confirm or disconfirm a fact or principle.
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Experiment
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In an experiment, the condition being investigated as a possible cause of some change in behavior. The values that this variable takes are chosen by the experimenter.
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Independent variable
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In an experiment, the condition (usually a behavior) that is affected by the independent variable.
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Dependent variable
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Conditions or factors excluded from influencing the outcome of an experiment.
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Extraneous variables
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In a controlled experiment, the group of subjects exposed to all experimental conditions or variables except the independent variable.
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Experiment group
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In a controlled experiment, the group of subjects exposed to all experimental conditions or variables except the independent variables.
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Control group
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The use of chance (for example, flipping a coin) to assign subjects to experimental and control groups.
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Random assignment
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Changes in behavior due to expectations that a drug (or other treatment) will have some effect.
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Placebo effect
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An arrangement in which subjects remain unaware of whether they are in the experimental group or the control group.
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Single-blind experiment.
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Changes in subjects' behavior caused by the unintended influence of an experimenter's actions.
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Experimenter effect
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An arrangement in which both subjects and experimenters are unaware of whether subjects are in the experimental group or the control group.
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Double-blind experiment
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An in-depth focus on all aspects of a single person.
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Case study
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A natural event that provides data on a psychological phenomenon.
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Natural clinical test
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The use of public polling techniques to answer psychological questions.
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Survey method
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A small, randomly selected part of a larger population that accurately reflects characteristics of the whole population.
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representative sample
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An ability to evaluate compare, analyze, critique, and synthesize information.
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Critical thinking
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Any false and unscientific system of beliefs and practices that is offered as an explanation of behavior.
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Pseudo psychology
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The tendency to believe general positive or flattering description of oneself.
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Uncritical acceptance
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The tendency to remember or notice information that fits one's expectations, while forgetting discrepancies.
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Fallacy of positive instances
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The tendency to consider a personal description accurate if it is stated in very general terms.
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Barnum effect
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